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The Darkness of Edwin A. Abbotts Flatland Essay -- Abbott Flatland E

The Darkness of Flatland     â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â The brilliant sand shimmers in the splendid daylight. The  â â â â â â â â brilliant pillars hit the quiet waves which amplify the intense light.  â â â â â â â â Content and thrilled, numerous winged animals fly high overhead. On the   â â â â â â â beach, an irritating crab moves toward an ostrich, pressuring the  â â â â â â â â grounded winged animal to shroud its head in a gap in the sand.â Paralyzed  â â â â â â â â with dread, the mammoth winged creature, albeit immense in contrast with the  â â â â â â â â assaulting crab, covers its head neglected, wet sand, trusting  â â â â â â â â that the weak however inauspicious aggressor will leave.â Comfortable  â â â â â â â â with its troubling concealing spot, the huge, ungainly winged animal remains  â â â â â â â â covered as long as its can remember, never encountering the consoling life  â â â â â â â â which the light creates. Since the winged animal is scared by this  â â â â â â â â microscopic yet compromising crab, the ceaseless pattern of dread  â â â â â â â â continues.â Much like this alarmed winged animal and the residents of  â â â â â â â â Flatland, people prefe... ...nbsp;â thoughts. Regularly, pioneers dread irregulars since they talk the  â â â â â â â â truth. Arthur, aâ conceived again sporadic through his encounters,  â â â â â â â â recounts another method of living and endeavoring to liveâ right and not  â â â â â â â â to fear the obscure, however to carry it away from any confining influence, investigate it,  â â â â â â â â and to gain from it.â They will consistently depend on rationale and  â â â â â â â â custom, disregarding confidence and thoughts put together not with respect to reality. Flatland  â â â â â â â â will stay without light until the end of time.     â â â â â â â â Â

The Free Essay Samples Database Is a Great Resource For Students

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Physics Bifilar Pendulum - 11289 Words

Dimensional Analysis: Investigation on bifilar suspension Ho Yuk Him (Date of experimentation :20th and 29th October, 2010) This paper presents a study on the application of dimensional analysis on the formulation of an equation concerning the periodic time of a rod rotating at an angle about the vertical axis suspended by two strings at each end. We find that period is inversely related to distance between the strings parallel to each other and directly proportional to the both the square root of length of string and the length of suspension, (i.e. ï ½â€ž ). Although discrepancy is found when the equation proposed by eminent scholars is compared against with ours, our findings can hardly pale into insignificance as errors and the cause of†¦show more content†¦A synopsis is also given at this section. It is nearly impossible not to draw any reference during the compilation of this report and any papers referenced are given under the section, references. An appendices is attached at the end of this paper to outline the detailed derivation of formulas provided without proof in the section theory. II. Background A bifilar suspension is, literally, one in which two (bi) filaments (filar) support a rod. It is used in this study to show that the full relationship between the periodic time T, the length l of the vertical suspension threads and their distance d apart is: , (4) where M and l are the mass and the moment of inertia about the axis of oscillation respectively. The acceleration to gravity However, with limited resources and time, we manage just to establish the relationship among T, l , d and an additional unit f, length of suspension. Others are just ignored at the time being. Before going on discussing the hypothesis, it is worthwhile to get used to what equipments are used and how they are arranged. To make the experiment fair, extra apparatus are used. For the sake of convenience, all apparatuses employed with their respective quantities used are tabulated below: Apparatuses Ruler Specification 20 cm plastic 30 cm plastic 50 cm wood 100 cm wood Threads (Filaments) Stand and clamp Set square Spirit level Stop watch Wooden block Stickers / / / / Accurate to 0.01 seconds / / Quantities used 1 piece 1 piece

Social Imagination - 579 Words

Social Imagination and Same Sex marriage and society. To me social imagination is the ability to remove yourself from a given situation whether it affects your life or not personally and try to imagine the situation or conflict from a different perspective or more global view. It’s the personal aspect that affects our judgments, opinions and actions in a particular situation. Removal of the personal viewpoint gives us a much fairer and unbiased way to make a decision that is fair. Removing our past prejudices and mores we have grown up with can give us a total different way of looking at the world. One of the greatest issues today affecting many countries but seemingly most evident right now in the United States is same sex marriage.†¦show more content†¦There was actually a landmark constitutional case, â€Å"Loving vs. Virgina† An interracial couple sued the state of Virginia as it was illegal at the time for interracial marriage and a couple was jailed for one year in Virginia for their marriage which was a violation of the Racial Integrity act of 1924. The Supreme court ruled this unconstitutional and ended all restriction on marriage according to race. That decision is now widely being used as the guide for the court on the Same Sex Marriage issues of DOMA and proposition 8. It was decided earlier the the freedom to marry is one of the basic civil rights of free men. The social opinions have changed so rapidly in regard to Same Sex Marriage. The country is now at 55% pro to 40% against voting that same sexed couple should be allowed to marry as compared to 1996 when the percentages were only 27% pro. This is extremely rapid social change for a country in 7 years. The way social imagination helps us to resolve issues like this is to remove our personal beliefs totally and be â€Å"outside† the issue. Not look at how this could affect us personally. Look at the individuals involved and remove our prejudices and try to imagine the situation in another form than we are familiar with. We will come to a decision totally different than one made with past opinions and bias and reach one with fairness toShow MoreRelatedSocial Imagination682 Words   |  3 PagesThe story of an hour, is about Louisise Mallard, a women with heart trouble that learned her husband died in a railroad disaster. Lousise sister, Josephine, did not tell Mrs.Mallard straightforward that he was dead, but instead veiled hints. Mrs. Mallard husband friend Richard, was one of the first to know, but wanted to make sure it was true before breaking the news. Once Richard found out that it was true, he still did not want to tell Mrs. Mallard. Mrs. Mallard immediately started crying, butRead MoreSociological Imagination And Social Imagination1431 Words   |  6 Pagesof its history and individuals. The history and individuals, are also in turn, influenced by its society. That is why it is important in the furthering of understanding a society, to observe it through the eyes of an outsider. Sociological imagination as defined by C. Wright Mills is the ability to view how a society s unique historical circumstances influence the people and simultaneously how the history is also affected by the people of the society (Mills, 1959). I am a product of my societyRead MoreThe Social Imagination of Forrest Gump1653 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sociological Imagination of Forrest Gump OR The Sociological Imagination Concept As Illustrated by the Movie, Forrest Gump What is sociological imagination? Our textbook describes sociological imagination as the ability to see our private experiences, personal difficulties, and achievements as, in part, a reflection of the structural arrangements of society and the times in which we live. The movie entitled Forrest Gump is a great example of sociological imagination. In this paper, I willRead MoreSociological Imagination and Social Issues1251 Words   |  6 PagesSociological Imagination and Social Issues People are more likely to use psychological arguments to explain why things are they way they are rather than look at the sociological aspect of them. They think that problems happening in their lives are personal and overlook that they may be caused by society (Ferris amp; Stein 13). Sociological imagination challenges people to look at the â€Å"intersection between biography and history† and see the role we each play in society (Mills 1959 and Ferris amp;Read MoreSocial Interaction : A Sociological Imagination976 Words   |  4 PagesSocial interaction occurs between all individuals in society and can be studied through the use of the sociological imagination. A sociological imagination allows one to link their everyday activities and situations to society as a whole. I can study my own personal social interactions and the situations I encounter by applying concepts, theories, and perspectives that sociologists have developed for analyzing society and social situations. A lthough I encounter situations on a day-to-day basis, oneRead MoreImaginary Friend; Is It a Problem?709 Words   |  3 Pagesconcerns regarding this issue, and the multiple visits to pediatricians, for fear that your child is suffering from some kind of disorder that could affect her future. Children at the age of 2 to 3 years old often begin to develop skills such as imagination, and it is at this stage when they begin to know their imaginary friends, almost establishing a parallel life to theirs. According to many experts, having unreal companions will not bring problems to our kids in their development. Actually, thisRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Shelley s Alastor Essay1493 Words   |  6 PagesAlastor and its ambivalence. The definition will not be strictly from the Narrator, but Shelley’s entire perspective. The reader will have a new objective to contemplate in the topic of the role of the poet. In the Preface, Shelley discusses the imaginations and functions of human beings; which is utilized as a definition of the role of the poet: ‘The Poet is represented as uniting these requisitions, and attaching them to a single image’. The human mind is an extremely complex mechanism; there mayRead More The Use of Force, A Story of Guilt Essay761 Words   |  4 Pagestwo children lying dead in bed of neglect. His guilt of how he handled the situation plunges his imagination down a dark, immoral path. The pivotal point between reality and his vivid imagination becomes clear when he states, I explained the danger but said that I would not insist on the throat examination so long as they (her parents) would take the responsibility. This is where his imagination takes over. Instantly, his adoration and love for the young girl turns to utter loathing. He goesRead MoreHow Imagination Can Build A Virtual World And Stay Away From The Real World1754 Words   |  8 PagesI magination is widely used for people to work and live. Technological development creates an opportunity for people to access technology. Indeed, people would prefer to use imagination to create a virtual world and stay away from the real world. The essay â€Å" Alone Together† written by Sherry Turkle, argues that technology and imagination would affect the authenticity of life in society. Turkle also states that as technology developed, it makes humans doubt intimacy, connectivity, authenticity andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Little Princess 2282 Words   |  10 PagesNonetheless, Sara is also given a great imagination which is unlike other princesses, and allows her to escape the conflicts she comes across; in her portrayal of The Little Princess Burnett’s idea of a child being subjected to isolation and left to provide for herself is dealt with through the use of Sara’s imagination. The Hunger Games takes a distinct approach, rather than demonstrating an ideal princess that must survive by providing for herself by using her imagination, Collins displays a strong and

A Personal Philosophy of Meaning and Value Essay Sample free essay sample

Summary and Application Plan Most people. peculiarly in the disruptive old ages of adolescence and immature maturity. pass a great sum of clip in hunt of significance and value of life. On contemplation. I could confidently state that I have transcended that phase. as significance and value for me are clear and my ends seem to be more come-at-able one time I strive difficult to use significance and value to it. My attack to life can be described as one of relevancy and practicality. This is non to connote that I hold a merely useful position of things but instead that I am an action-oriented individual who prefers to acquire things done. In our civilization. labour is held in high regard and though cognition is besides prized. the chase of higher acquisition is left to those who are deemed suited for surveies. For the mean Mongolian. significance and value are intertwined with what one could carry through in one’s life – gaining a life. success in a trade. the elevation of a household. good standing in the community†¦ Happiness and contentment is a consequence of accomplishing these things. Then of class there are those who find significance and value in the chase of larning. and these persons one time they finish their preparation are besides respected and expected to play a important roe in the community. I am privileged to hold had the chance to prosecute higher surveies. and my brush with doctrine has been rather absorbing and worthwhile. Doctrine is an interesting organic structure of larning yet I have to acknowledge that in all humbleness I myself am non much of a philosopher in the cast of Aristotle. Descartes. Lacan. Derrida or Nietzsche. Possibly my ain upbringing is a factor. every bit good as the civilization of my place state Mongolia which is markedly different from Western states. Meaning and value in Mongolian civilization is different from those of Western societies. In fact. I would non hold learned about Western doctrine if I did non prosecute an instruction. Mongolia is a underdeveloped state. and as such its values. belief-systems and traditions are antique by Western criterions. Because merely a little portion of Mongolia is urbanized. life in my place state could be by and large described as ‘simple. ’ mellow and traditional. And due to the fact that Mongolia has yet to to the full develop itself into an industrialised state. significance and value for me lies in making my portion to assist my state accomplish development. With such a exalted end in head. it would turn out good to hold a theory to steer one to action. in order to realize one’s ends. For most people. their lives are guided by certain doctrines which help determine their perceptual experiences of the universe. The Western universe in peculiar is rich in philosophical traditions from the ancient Greeks to its contemporary minds. It is deserving observing that for us in the East we besides have philosophical traditions we are proud of and shared by different people around the universe. such as Confucianism and Taoism in China. the philosophies of Buddhism. among others. Thus Eastern civilizations are non inferior to their Western opposite numbers. The 21stcentury appears to be rather assuring for world. As Goldman ( 1999. Vii ) notes. we are at what could either be the best or the worst of times for the societal chase of cognition. walk on airing in the fact that humanity is so much better endowed with information and cognition today than it was even dreamed possible. A societal theory of cognition orepistemologyhas traditionally preserved â€Å"the Cartesian image of enquiry as an activity of stray minds. each prosecuting truth in a spirit of individuality and pure autonomy ( Goldman. Vii ) . † This nevertheless. â€Å"ignores the interpersonal and institutional contexts in which most cognition enterprises are really undertaken† ( Goldman 1993. Vii ) . that is. the important function of societal interactions which both brighten and endanger the chances for cognition. Epistemology is presently being undermined by the emergent discourse on â€Å"postmodernism† which downplays what the epistemic tradition ha s fastidiously built up throughout its history – man’s pursuit for truth – with its denial of the intelligibility of nonsubjective truth. I nevertheless for one agree with Goldman on the significance of the philosophical tradition and societal patterns as holding both positive and negative parts to human cognition. Traveling back to the low beginnings of Western doctrine. we have Aristotle proclaiming that â€Å"All work forces by nature desire to know† ( Aristotle as cited in Goldman 1999. 3 ) . Human history bears witness to man’s chase of cognition and information. This in bend is non simply an result of our captivation with the universe we find ourselves in but due to human wonder endowed by nature and our ain practical concerns. Following Goldman ( 1999. 5 ) in societal epistemology. the orientation is towards truth finding in the production of cognition and its reverses. i. vitamin E.mistake( false belief ) andignorance( absence of truth belief ) . With the postmodern bend in the ulterior portion of the 20Thursdaycentury. truth-based epistemology has come under fire from its postmodern critics. Goldman ( 1999. 9 ) presents the general review of truth-based epistemology: â€Å" ( 1 ) There is non such thing as a transcendent truth for what we call â€Å"true† is merely what we agree with. Furthermore. these alleged truths or facts are simply negotiated beliefs. the merchandises of societal building and fiction. non ‘objective’ or ‘external’ characteristics of the universe. ( 2 ) Knowledge. world. and truth are the merchandises of linguistic communication. and there is no language-independent world that can do our ideas true or false. ( 3 ) If there were any transcendent or nonsubjective truths. they would be unaccessible and unknowable by human existences. hence unavailable for any practical epistemic intents. ( 4 ) There are no privileged epistemological places. and no certain foundations for beliefs. All claims are judged by conventions or linguistic communication games. which have no deeper foundation. ( 5 ) This would connote the absence of impersonal. trans-cultural criterions for settling dissensions. Entreatie s to truth are simply instruments of domination or repression. which should be replaced by patterns with progressive societal value. ( 6 ) Truth can non be attained because all putatively truth-oriented patterns are corrupted and biased by political relations or self-serving interests†( Goldman 1999. 9 ) . Traveling through these general points of contention directed at truth-based epistemology. one would detect that postmodernism. peculiarly its societal constructivist facet. seems to be preoccupied with linguistic communication as the clincher of both cognition and world. We have Jacques Derrida proclaiming that â€Å"The text is all and nil exists outside of it† ( Derrida as cited in Goldman. 1999. 10 ) . If one adhered to this rule of averments of truth as neer independent of linguistic communication. so truth is merely conferred by the universe as constructed by world. Though I do hold that our thoughts are based on our ain resources ( natural and human ) and in this manner we â€Å"create† the universe as we know it. finally human cognition involves â€Å"truth† which I agree with Goldman is non merely a human concept. My ain personal doctrine recognizes the originative. dynamic. societal constructionist constituent of human existences as they engage in assorted activities within the domains of societal life. A relativist construct of truth nevertheless. as what many postmodernists appear to be recommending. does non appeal much to me. Though I recognize the plurality of civilizations bing in the universe. I think there are certain â€Å"truths† people could hold on despite this recognized plurality and assortment in human experiences and socio-historical worlds. On a personal note. my ain moralss tend to reflect those which are of premier importance in my ain value system. This in bend is influenced by the civilization I grew up in. and my ain socialisation and upbringing. In relation to my personal life. my moralss have a distinguishable individualist facet to it as it besides reflects my personal beliefs. ends and inspirations incorporated into the dominant value system of the assorted socio-cultural groups to which I belong. Specifically. though I have high regard for traditional values and beliefs. holding been exposed to higher instruction has ‘freed’ me from blindly accepting tradition. This freedom brought approximately by larning and exposure to other civilizations allows me to be able to critically inquiry and capable to critical analysis those which are normally taken for granted. This critical inquiring and analytical re-evaluation is non the result of a mere desire to demo off higher acquisition or as an terminal in itself. Rather. it is undertaken with a sense of development. of happening better solutions. of bettering the already bing province of personal businesss in head. It is therefore geared towards problem-solving and betterment. Having been exposed to other civilizations – I studied for several old ages in Japan – a really important and utile experience for me. I have learned to appreciate human diverseness and to esteem other people and their civilizations. Peaceful coexistence and cooperation is so possible yet the mode of accomplishing it may differ from one experience to another. Different solutions exist for different peoples but it all boils down to happening the best 1 for you. My initial brush with Nipponese society was one of civilization daze. before I learned to set to the new. immensely different environment. It was genuinely an eye-opening experience for me wherein I learned to measure my ain society through the position of another people. another race. another civilization. But it does non intend that merely because people are molded by different civilizations there is no common â€Å"truth† they could all believe and hold on. Whether I am in Japan or in Mongolia it does non change the fact that the Sun ever rises on the E and sets in the West – though it is deserving observing that â€Å"east† and â€Å"west† are societal concepts facilitated by linguistic communication. Another Gallic mind. a psychoanalyst by the name of Jacques Lacan suggests that â€Å"words convey multiple significances we use to mean something different from the concrete significance. i. e. linguistic communication every bit independent from its signifier† ( Sarup 1993. 9 ) . I tend to hold with Lacan that there is â€Å"no human topic without linguistic communication but the topic can non be reduced to language† ( Sarup 1993. 9 ) . i. e. the ability to talk distinguishes the topic. efficaciously dividing the societal from the natural. external universe. Because of this critical belongings of linguistic communication in a manner that it is our exclusive agencies of pass oning to others. we can non get away linguistic communication in our day-to-day lives. Lacan entreaties to me as his thoughts provide penetrations on how we could possible associate the issues of pick and single duty. For Sarup ( 1993 ) nevertheless. Lacan’s psychoanalytic theory of the ego â€Å"remained within Cartesianism as its psychological science tended to portray the person as a rational. witting histrion who could non understand the footing for his or her action†¦ steadfastly rooted in a doctrine of single liberty and rational choice† ( Sarup 1999. 5-6 ) . Viewed this manner. Lacanian depth psychology is an â€Å"attempt of accommodating existential philosophy and Marxism† ( Sarup 1993. 5 ) through which he presents the position that â€Å"there is no separation between ego ad society. i. e. human existences become societal with the appropriation of linguistic communication as linguistic communication constitutes us as a topic. i. e. society inhabits each individual† ( Sarup 1993. 6 ) . Lacanian depth psychology has significantly act upon my ain personal doctrine because while it stresses the dynamic. originative facet of human existences as topic. it does non disregard the big scale systems of readings which finally influence and restrain the actions of adult male. Like Lacan. I excessively think that societal phenomena has certain significances which could either be culturally distinguishable or cosmopolitan. and the development and application of the societal scientific disciplines ( even doctrine ) to human experience greatly allows adult male to understand those significances. We have the philosopher Bertrand Russell ( cited in Solomon 2003. 3 ) proclaiming the â€Å"joy of Philosophy† in its â€Å"richness and assortment. † In line with the incorporation of Lacanian thoughts in my personal doctrine. I besides refer to Solomon ( 2003 ) that in a similar line to that of the German philosopher Hegel. â€Å"philosophy does non necessitate to be abstract†¦ there is concrete doctrine that lives in the inside informations. in the flesh-and-blood dialectic of ideas† ( Solomon 2003. 4 ) . Another admirable and interesting German philosopher in the postmodern tradition. Friedrich Nietzsche. suggests that there is a funny â€Å"will to truth† ( Nietzsche as cited in Solomon 2003. 11 ) but as Solomon ( 2003 ) points out. doctrine ( like societal scientific discipline ) . demands to besides concern itself with man’s re-occurring jobs. I have to hold with this because in my ain experience. doctrine should non merely be the sphere of academicians and rational elites. Matters such as the â€Å"human status. † â€Å"the good life. † â€Å"justice† and â€Å"being† are for Solomon. â€Å"preexisting philosophical conditions†¦ about which we have no pick but to believe and feel† ( 1993. 11 ) . I do believe that here lies the significance of certain doctrines of life which could hopefully steer people towards self-knowledge and apprehension in this universe of pettinesss. consumerism and pluralities. My ain personal doctrine efforts to accommodate the fresh penetrations of postmodernism. peculiarly its societal constructivist constituent. with doctrine as a heuristic device to assistance adult male in his pursuit for cognition. comprehension of the universe and felicity in life. Though personal doctrines might differ in item. range and construct from one civilization to another. fundamentally it is an effort of adult male towards an apprehension of himself and the universe he lives in. Aided by a position of personal doctrine as a heuristic tool. in wide footings what I aim to accomplish is something which would be of usage non merely to me but to my people every bit good. In the short-run. I plan to complete my surveies before I devote myself full clip to concern development and being an enterpriser in my ain state. As I am one of the comparatively few Mongolians fortunate plenty to hold received a good instruction. I want to give back something to my ain countrymen. to function my state in my ain manner. With my experience in the concern sector. it seems a rational determination to do my grade in the concern universe. Information engineering ( IT ) is a fast expanding field due to the great promotions in scientific discipline and engineering. Mongolia is a hapless state and if we hope to to the full develop our economic system. there is a demand to put in engineering and industries. With my preparation and experience in information engineering. I aim to assist jump-start the IT industry in my state and finally set up a planetary package company based in Mongolia. The pick of embarking into IT is partially due to my ain involvement and engagement in the field. I am presently the Chief Executive Officer of a little Mongolian package company whose market is mostly geared towards the Nipponese market. The long-run end is for our company to travel planetary and spread out into other markets. though it would be headquartered in my place state. in a theoretical account adapted from that of California’s Silicon Valley. Mongolia stands to profit from more concern investings for it to develop its substructure and facilitate industrialisation. Though holding non much mineral resources which could spur its thrust towards industrialisation. my country’s wealth finally lies in its people. Mongolia has a gifted pool of immature people who are eager to analyze and larn. A knowing. skilled work force holds the cardinal towards wining in the IT industry. Taking our cue from the Chinese. labour in Mongolia can be maximized if the authorities would put on its labour force. Such an investing necessitates supplying equal societal services. instruction and accomplishments developing for its population. and easing a healthy concern clime conducive for investings and the puting up of industries. I for one recognize the demand to put in research and development ( R A ; D ) . expensive as it is. in order to better and develop new merchandises and continuously revolutionise the market. to develop industry’s full productive forces. The mode of how to make so is yet another challenge. This is surely non an easy project but merely because it is a hard job does non intend that a solution does non be for it. The key is uninterrupted creative activity. alteration and re-invention until one develops the solution which ‘works. ’ It is non plenty to merely copy what other states have done and use it to your state because your ain civilization. socio-historical fortunes and the concrete experiences of your people are different and distinguishable. One has to develop a distinguishable attack towards analysis and work outing jobs. aided by the experiences of others. into a specific method which ‘works for you. ’ Failure should non be a cause for despair but instead viewed as a challenge. an drift to work harder. to better one’s ego. both at the person and national degrees. until the appropriate solution is arrived at. Because Mongolia is still mostly a traditional society. there is ground to believe that most of the people might be afraid and discerning of alteration. peculiarly of the graduated table and magnitude of those attach toing the displacement from traditionality to modernness and industrialisation. In order to counter such irrational frights. instruction would assist emancipate the people from ignorance and superstitious notion. Education would besides open their eyes to other civilizations and experiences. for new sorts of cognition. introduce them with what an progressively planetary universe has to offer. A positive result of educating the public would hopefully take to greater grasp of our ain distinguishable civilization while developing regard for those of other civilizations and other peoples. It is said that ignorance physiques distrust and intolerance which I think is non healthy in a universe that is already ‘shrinking’ due to globalisation. Different states. different peoples. different civilizations yet in the last analysis all of us are human existences. Mentions: Davidson. D. ( 2001 ) .Inquiries into truth and reading. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Goldman. A. I. ( 1999 ) .Knowledge in a societal universe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kuhn. T. ( 1996 ) .The construction of scientific revolutions( 3rd ed. ) . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Lewis. D. ( 1983 ) .Philosophic documents volume I. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nagel. T. ( 2003 )The last word. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sarup. M. ( 1993 ) .An introductory usher to post-structuralism and postmodernism. Athinais. Tabun: The University of Georgia Press. Solomon. R. C. ( 2002 ) Spiritualty for the skeptic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Who benefits and who loses when a common market for labour is extended to more countries Essay Example For Students

Who benefits and who loses when a common market for labour is extended to more countries? Essay The labour mobility problems that are created when a common market for labour is extended to more countries have been a major concern of the European Union when considering expansion because member states have always feared their economies would suffer due to the cheap labour coming from poorer nations. Considering the fact that the recent expansion added ten members eight of which have significantly lower wages than other countries and large labour forces makes this concern even more pertinent. Since labour mobility is part of the core freedoms in the Union, the Treaty of Rome that was put into effect in 1958 committed member states to allow for the free movement of labour. This implied that nothing would stop labour from moving within member states and there will be no discrimination against workers based on their nationality, provided the nation is within the customs union. Even though the European Union has always had a great extent of labour mobility, the reason why the nations already within the union fear the consequences of the extension of the common market for labour after the enlargement are the rising unemployment rates observed in recent years. This is mainly because in the EU the job market has only grown by 0. 5% from 1980 to 1993 as opposed to the 1% observed in Japan and the 1. 5% observed in the US. This essay will therefore assess the extent to which the fears of the European Union have realistic foundations or not. We will write a custom essay on Who benefits and who loses when a common market for labour is extended to more countries? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In order to determine the effects of creating a common market for labour we first must see how wages are determined within these economies and why they differ. Wages are determined by the marginal productivity of the last labour unit employed because a firm can only afford to hire workers if they generate enough output to cover the costs of employing them. Thus wages are formulated where: However, the marginal productivity of labours differs amongst countries within the union for a number of reasons. For example a German worker that has had the ability to benefit from a good state education system that teaches its students a wide variety of skills will have higher marginal productivity than a worker from Poland that possibly had to drop out of school early to support his family. Also, the capital employed in Germany enables workers to maximise their marginal productivity since machinery employed in Germany is more technologically advanced than machinery used in Poland. Finally the fact that workers in Germany will receive more social benefits due to the institutional environment that pushes for minimum wages and more rights to workers will mean the workers will be more willing to work harder. Thus, from the comparison of Germany and Poland we have seen that since marginal product of labour will be higher in the wealthier nation, wages will be higher and when the market for labour opens the tendency will be for workers to act as rational economic beings and move from the low wage to the high wage economy as illustrated in the following diagrams. The above diagram illustrates the situation for the two economies before the introduction of Poland into the common market for labour. Wg are the higher wages paid to German workers whereas Wp are the lower wages paid to polish workers. In order for our model of the impact to work we have to assume that Polish and German workers have the same skills so what causes the marginal product of labour to be higher in Germany is their use of better capital. .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04 , .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04 .postImageUrl , .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04 , .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04:hover , .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04:visited , .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04:active { border:0!important; } .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04:active , .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04 .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In Roman Times, Abortion And The Destruction Of Unwanted EssayWhen the common market for labour is extended to more countries, there is free movement of labour between Germany and Poland, so some Polish workers will move to take advantage of the higher wages and production in Germany will rise, however, the marginal productivity of its workers will decline leading to reduced wage rates. Contrastingly in Poland since workers will be leaving even though production will decline, marginal productivity will increase leading to higher wages. This is all illustrated in the following diagram. In the above diagram, we see that migration from Poland to Germany will occur from D to C and there will be output gain equal to the yellow triangle because even though Polish output reduces by the amount illustrated by the blue area, that amount is recaptured by the increase in German output which also adds the yellow triangle to total quantity produced thus leading to a net gain in output. Moreover there will be a reduction in wages in Germany from Wg to Wcm and an increase in wages in Poland from Wp to Wcm so wages will eventually converge in both countries to Wcm. From the above model we can make a couple of very useful conclusions even though it is overly simplified. Firstly workers originally in the high wage country, in this case Germany, will lose because wages will decline whereas workers that stay behind in the low wage country, in this example Poland will gain because wages will increase. Producers in Germany will gain from the expansion of the common market because the influx of cheaper workers will mean that they will produce a greater percentage of output at a lower cost per unit within the customs union whereas producers in Poland will lose because the higher wages mean that now they will account for a smaller percentage of output and will have a higher cost per unit produced. Finally the union as a whole benefits due to the increase in output and the overall reduction in labour costs. From the above we could also conclude that immigration in the short term helps ease unemployment as labour moves from countries with high unemployment usually associated with low marginal productivity of labour to countries with lower unemployment illustrated by high marginal productivity of labour. Also the country that labour migrates to, benefits from the skills this labour acquired at home and the country receiving them didnt have to pay for. Similarly the home country could benefit from the skills the labour gained in the foreign country if the labour returns. Indeed we see that with accession as seen in the case of Spain and Portugal, when these member states start to gain investment nationals abroad tend to return thus leading to an increase in the initial boost brought about by new investment because they bring back to the country skill acquired abroad. In the long term benefits depend highly on the amount of dependants each working migrant brings with him as well as the extent of unemployment of domestic workers this influx of cheap labour will result in. Finally the reduction in labour costs could potentially lead to a reduction in cost push inflation which usually arises due to high costs of labour and consequently this inflation reduction will lead to higher growth rates. However, since this model depends greatly on the assumptions we made of full employment, wage flexibility, capital fixity and wage differentials arising from differences in capital as opposed to skill, we have to see if the conclusions we drew above from theory work in practice by examining the extent to which they applied to countries after the 2004 enlargement. Indeed we see that since the 2004 enlargement there has been considerable migration from east to west due to the low wages in the east and the specific skill shortages in the west. The 2004 enlargement has been the largest one the EU has had and included the following nations: Cyprus, Malta, Lithuania, Latvia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia. When examining the effects of EU migration we tend not to include Cyprus and Malta because their labour force is very small and represents a tiny percentage of overall migration. .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44 , .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44 .postImageUrl , .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44 , .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44:hover , .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44:visited , .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44:active { border:0!important; } .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44:active , .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44 .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Berlin Blockade and Airlift ? 1948-1949 EssayThe accession of these nations has enabled the EU to call itself the worlds largest single market, however many worry that the fact that the GDP per capita of these nations being 40% of the average GDP per capita of already existing nations will make them an economic burden. This is why many nations have employed short-term limits for employment rights for people from new member states as a means of responding to those who fear expansion. However, we see that Germany, one of the nations that is overflowing with immigrants is currently seeing its unemployment to be at a 4-year low. Another big success story is that of the UK, that was one of the few countries to allow for free labour movement after the expansion. In the years following the EU expansion the UK has seen an all time high influx of Polish workers due to the fact that wages are considerably higher there than in Poland. For example, when a teacher in Poland receives ÂÂ £200 per month, the same person in the UK would receive ÂÂ £600 for distributing flyers. This is why from the 427 thousand workers from the eight EU accession states that successfully applied for work in the UK 62% were Polish and 82% were aged 18-34, because these are the people who will benefit the most from the favourable circumstances in the UK. Moreover the fact that they are considerably young and unskilled enables us to give them jobs that nationals are unwilling to fill which are usually minimum wage jobs in the food industry, catering, agriculture or manufacturing and production. This, as EU committee chairman Lord Grenfell very aptly put it means that in a global economy, where competitiveness is key, immigration from Eastern Europe has helped British companies compete with those in the emerging economies of Asia. Thus from economic theory and the case study of the effects of EU expansion in the UK we see that overall migration is beneficial for both the economy that workers leave from and for the country that receives the migrants. This is because the country they leave from gains investment by family members sending money back home and higher wages due to the increase in the marginal productivity of labour and the country they go to gains competitiveness due to the fact that wages decline and gains in output due to t he fact that it gets to utilise its high marginal productivity.