Information Technology and the Other Degree Programs :: essays research papers

The Darkness of Edwin A. Abbotts Flatland Essay -- Abbott Flatland E

The Darkness of Flatland     â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â The brilliant sand shimmers in the splendid daylight. The  â â â â â â â â brilliant pillars hit the quiet waves which amplify the intense light.  â â â â â â â â Content and thrilled, numerous winged animals fly high overhead. On the   â â â â â â â beach, an irritating crab moves toward an ostrich, pressuring the  â â â â â â â â grounded winged animal to shroud its head in a gap in the sand.â Paralyzed  â â â â â â â â with dread, the mammoth winged creature, albeit immense in contrast with the  â â â â â â â â assaulting crab, covers its head neglected, wet sand, trusting  â â â â â â â â that the weak however inauspicious aggressor will leave.â Comfortable  â â â â â â â â with its troubling concealing spot, the huge, ungainly winged animal remains  â â â â â â â â covered as long as its can remember, never encountering the consoling life  â â â â â â â â which the light creates. Since the winged animal is scared by this  â â â â â â â â microscopic yet compromising crab, the ceaseless pattern of dread  â â â â â â â â continues.â Much like this alarmed winged animal and the residents of  â â â â â â â â Flatland, people prefe... ...nbsp;â thoughts. Regularly, pioneers dread irregulars since they talk the  â â â â â â â â truth. Arthur, aâ conceived again sporadic through his encounters,  â â â â â â â â recounts another method of living and endeavoring to liveâ right and not  â â â â â â â â to fear the obscure, however to carry it away from any confining influence, investigate it,  â â â â â â â â and to gain from it.â They will consistently depend on rationale and  â â â â â â â â custom, disregarding confidence and thoughts put together not with respect to reality. Flatland  â â â â â â â â will stay without light until the end of time.     â â â â â â â â Â

The Free Essay Samples Database Is a Great Resource For Students

The Free Essay Samples Database Is a Great Resource For StudentsIf you are looking for a good resource for essay samples, the best place to go is the free essay samples database. These samples can help you decide if an essay writing program is right for you and can also help you improve your own writing skills.The database offers free essay samples from some of the best universities in the world. It also includes a selection of essays from writers who are already enrolled in some of the top universities around the world. This means that your student loan funds will not be wasted on acquiring college essays that you may never read.You will be able to choose from a wide range of topics to write about and this can provide you with great material for your essay as well as the chance to include a lot of your own opinions. The database also allows you to review the samples for the topics you have chosen, so you will have a good idea of what topics to choose. And, of course, the databases a lso include sample essays that are based on the best-selling textbooks in the world. You will be able to download these to study in advance of writing your own essay.There are hundreds of essays available through the free essay samples database. And, depending on the subject you select, you may find essays on famous authors, popular movies, sports, philosophy, music, etc.There are also large databases for teaching and academic topics. You can browse through these in a number of ways. You can do so in an online search or you can simply choose to visit the database's home page to get started.Once you have completed your free sample essay, you will be able to print out the completed work to use at a later time. The process is so easy, you will be able to turn it into a test, which makes it even more valuable.The idea behind the free essay samples database is to allow students to have an easy way to practice their writing skills. This is also the perfect way to get an idea of what sort of material would be suitable for your essay topic before committing to spend any money.This is a great resource for all students. It will help them save money while learning how to write essays. It will also enable them to know the types of topics they will be working with and help them decide if they have an excellent enough foundation for their own essay.

Physics Bifilar Pendulum - 11289 Words

Dimensional Analysis: Investigation on bifilar suspension Ho Yuk Him (Date of experimentation :20th and 29th October, 2010) This paper presents a study on the application of dimensional analysis on the formulation of an equation concerning the periodic time of a rod rotating at an angle about the vertical axis suspended by two strings at each end. We find that period is inversely related to distance between the strings parallel to each other and directly proportional to the both the square root of length of string and the length of suspension, (i.e. ï ½â€ž ). Although discrepancy is found when the equation proposed by eminent scholars is compared against with ours, our findings can hardly pale into insignificance as errors and the cause of†¦show more content†¦A synopsis is also given at this section. It is nearly impossible not to draw any reference during the compilation of this report and any papers referenced are given under the section, references. An appendices is attached at the end of this paper to outline the detailed derivation of formulas provided without proof in the section theory. II. Background A bifilar suspension is, literally, one in which two (bi) filaments (filar) support a rod. It is used in this study to show that the full relationship between the periodic time T, the length l of the vertical suspension threads and their distance d apart is: , (4) where M and l are the mass and the moment of inertia about the axis of oscillation respectively. The acceleration to gravity However, with limited resources and time, we manage just to establish the relationship among T, l , d and an additional unit f, length of suspension. Others are just ignored at the time being. Before going on discussing the hypothesis, it is worthwhile to get used to what equipments are used and how they are arranged. To make the experiment fair, extra apparatus are used. For the sake of convenience, all apparatuses employed with their respective quantities used are tabulated below: Apparatuses Ruler Specification 20 cm plastic 30 cm plastic 50 cm wood 100 cm wood Threads (Filaments) Stand and clamp Set square Spirit level Stop watch Wooden block Stickers / / / / Accurate to 0.01 seconds / / Quantities used 1 piece 1 piece

Social Imagination - 579 Words

Social Imagination and Same Sex marriage and society. To me social imagination is the ability to remove yourself from a given situation whether it affects your life or not personally and try to imagine the situation or conflict from a different perspective or more global view. It’s the personal aspect that affects our judgments, opinions and actions in a particular situation. Removal of the personal viewpoint gives us a much fairer and unbiased way to make a decision that is fair. Removing our past prejudices and mores we have grown up with can give us a total different way of looking at the world. One of the greatest issues today affecting many countries but seemingly most evident right now in the United States is same sex marriage.†¦show more content†¦There was actually a landmark constitutional case, â€Å"Loving vs. Virgina† An interracial couple sued the state of Virginia as it was illegal at the time for interracial marriage and a couple was jailed for one year in Virginia for their marriage which was a violation of the Racial Integrity act of 1924. The Supreme court ruled this unconstitutional and ended all restriction on marriage according to race. That decision is now widely being used as the guide for the court on the Same Sex Marriage issues of DOMA and proposition 8. It was decided earlier the the freedom to marry is one of the basic civil rights of free men. The social opinions have changed so rapidly in regard to Same Sex Marriage. The country is now at 55% pro to 40% against voting that same sexed couple should be allowed to marry as compared to 1996 when the percentages were only 27% pro. This is extremely rapid social change for a country in 7 years. The way social imagination helps us to resolve issues like this is to remove our personal beliefs totally and be â€Å"outside† the issue. Not look at how this could affect us personally. Look at the individuals involved and remove our prejudices and try to imagine the situation in another form than we are familiar with. We will come to a decision totally different than one made with past opinions and bias and reach one with fairness toShow MoreRelatedSocial Imagination682 Words   |  3 PagesThe story of an hour, is about Louisise Mallard, a women with heart trouble that learned her husband died in a railroad disaster. Lousise sister, Josephine, did not tell Mrs.Mallard straightforward that he was dead, but instead veiled hints. Mrs. Mallard husband friend Richard, was one of the first to know, but wanted to make sure it was true before breaking the news. Once Richard found out that it was true, he still did not want to tell Mrs. Mallard. Mrs. Mallard immediately started crying, butRead MoreSociological Imagination And Social Imagination1431 Words   |  6 Pagesof its history and individuals. The history and individuals, are also in turn, influenced by its society. That is why it is important in the furthering of understanding a society, to observe it through the eyes of an outsider. Sociological imagination as defined by C. Wright Mills is the ability to view how a society s unique historical circumstances influence the people and simultaneously how the history is also affected by the people of the society (Mills, 1959). I am a product of my societyRead MoreThe Social Imagination of Forrest Gump1653 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sociological Imagination of Forrest Gump OR The Sociological Imagination Concept As Illustrated by the Movie, Forrest Gump What is sociological imagination? Our textbook describes sociological imagination as the ability to see our private experiences, personal difficulties, and achievements as, in part, a reflection of the structural arrangements of society and the times in which we live. The movie entitled Forrest Gump is a great example of sociological imagination. In this paper, I willRead MoreSociological Imagination and Social Issues1251 Words   |  6 PagesSociological Imagination and Social Issues People are more likely to use psychological arguments to explain why things are they way they are rather than look at the sociological aspect of them. They think that problems happening in their lives are personal and overlook that they may be caused by society (Ferris amp; Stein 13). Sociological imagination challenges people to look at the â€Å"intersection between biography and history† and see the role we each play in society (Mills 1959 and Ferris amp;Read MoreSocial Interaction : A Sociological Imagination976 Words   |  4 PagesSocial interaction occurs between all individuals in society and can be studied through the use of the sociological imagination. A sociological imagination allows one to link their everyday activities and situations to society as a whole. I can study my own personal social interactions and the situations I encounter by applying concepts, theories, and perspectives that sociologists have developed for analyzing society and social situations. A lthough I encounter situations on a day-to-day basis, oneRead MoreImaginary Friend; Is It a Problem?709 Words   |  3 Pagesconcerns regarding this issue, and the multiple visits to pediatricians, for fear that your child is suffering from some kind of disorder that could affect her future. Children at the age of 2 to 3 years old often begin to develop skills such as imagination, and it is at this stage when they begin to know their imaginary friends, almost establishing a parallel life to theirs. According to many experts, having unreal companions will not bring problems to our kids in their development. Actually, thisRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Shelley s Alastor Essay1493 Words   |  6 PagesAlastor and its ambivalence. The definition will not be strictly from the Narrator, but Shelley’s entire perspective. The reader will have a new objective to contemplate in the topic of the role of the poet. In the Preface, Shelley discusses the imaginations and functions of human beings; which is utilized as a definition of the role of the poet: ‘The Poet is represented as uniting these requisitions, and attaching them to a single image’. The human mind is an extremely complex mechanism; there mayRead More The Use of Force, A Story of Guilt Essay761 Words   |  4 Pagestwo children lying dead in bed of neglect. His guilt of how he handled the situation plunges his imagination down a dark, immoral path. The pivotal point between reality and his vivid imagination becomes clear when he states, I explained the danger but said that I would not insist on the throat examination so long as they (her parents) would take the responsibility. This is where his imagination takes over. Instantly, his adoration and love for the young girl turns to utter loathing. He goesRead MoreHow Imagination Can Build A Virtual World And Stay Away From The Real World1754 Words   |  8 PagesI magination is widely used for people to work and live. Technological development creates an opportunity for people to access technology. Indeed, people would prefer to use imagination to create a virtual world and stay away from the real world. The essay â€Å" Alone Together† written by Sherry Turkle, argues that technology and imagination would affect the authenticity of life in society. Turkle also states that as technology developed, it makes humans doubt intimacy, connectivity, authenticity andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Little Princess 2282 Words   |  10 PagesNonetheless, Sara is also given a great imagination which is unlike other princesses, and allows her to escape the conflicts she comes across; in her portrayal of The Little Princess Burnett’s idea of a child being subjected to isolation and left to provide for herself is dealt with through the use of Sara’s imagination. The Hunger Games takes a distinct approach, rather than demonstrating an ideal princess that must survive by providing for herself by using her imagination, Collins displays a strong and

A Personal Philosophy of Meaning and Value Essay Sample free essay sample

Summary and Application Plan Most people. peculiarly in the disruptive old ages of adolescence and immature maturity. pass a great sum of clip in hunt of significance and value of life. On contemplation. I could confidently state that I have transcended that phase. as significance and value for me are clear and my ends seem to be more come-at-able one time I strive difficult to use significance and value to it. My attack to life can be described as one of relevancy and practicality. This is non to connote that I hold a merely useful position of things but instead that I am an action-oriented individual who prefers to acquire things done. In our civilization. labour is held in high regard and though cognition is besides prized. the chase of higher acquisition is left to those who are deemed suited for surveies. For the mean Mongolian. significance and value are intertwined with what one could carry through in one’s life – gaining a life. success in a trade. the elevation of a household. good standing in the community†¦ Happiness and contentment is a consequence of accomplishing these things. Then of class there are those who find significance and value in the chase of larning. and these persons one time they finish their preparation are besides respected and expected to play a important roe in the community. I am privileged to hold had the chance to prosecute higher surveies. and my brush with doctrine has been rather absorbing and worthwhile. Doctrine is an interesting organic structure of larning yet I have to acknowledge that in all humbleness I myself am non much of a philosopher in the cast of Aristotle. Descartes. Lacan. Derrida or Nietzsche. Possibly my ain upbringing is a factor. every bit good as the civilization of my place state Mongolia which is markedly different from Western states. Meaning and value in Mongolian civilization is different from those of Western societies. In fact. I would non hold learned about Western doctrine if I did non prosecute an instruction. Mongolia is a underdeveloped state. and as such its values. belief-systems and traditions are antique by Western criterions. Because merely a little portion of Mongolia is urbanized. life in my place state could be by and large described as ‘simple. ’ mellow and traditional. And due to the fact that Mongolia has yet to to the full develop itself into an industrialised state. significance and value for me lies in making my portion to assist my state accomplish development. With such a exalted end in head. it would turn out good to hold a theory to steer one to action. in order to realize one’s ends. For most people. their lives are guided by certain doctrines which help determine their perceptual experiences of the universe. The Western universe in peculiar is rich in philosophical traditions from the ancient Greeks to its contemporary minds. It is deserving observing that for us in the East we besides have philosophical traditions we are proud of and shared by different people around the universe. such as Confucianism and Taoism in China. the philosophies of Buddhism. among others. Thus Eastern civilizations are non inferior to their Western opposite numbers. The 21stcentury appears to be rather assuring for world. As Goldman ( 1999. Vii ) notes. we are at what could either be the best or the worst of times for the societal chase of cognition. walk on airing in the fact that humanity is so much better endowed with information and cognition today than it was even dreamed possible. A societal theory of cognition orepistemologyhas traditionally preserved â€Å"the Cartesian image of enquiry as an activity of stray minds. each prosecuting truth in a spirit of individuality and pure autonomy ( Goldman. Vii ) . † This nevertheless. â€Å"ignores the interpersonal and institutional contexts in which most cognition enterprises are really undertaken† ( Goldman 1993. Vii ) . that is. the important function of societal interactions which both brighten and endanger the chances for cognition. Epistemology is presently being undermined by the emergent discourse on â€Å"postmodernism† which downplays what the epistemic tradition ha s fastidiously built up throughout its history – man’s pursuit for truth – with its denial of the intelligibility of nonsubjective truth. I nevertheless for one agree with Goldman on the significance of the philosophical tradition and societal patterns as holding both positive and negative parts to human cognition. Traveling back to the low beginnings of Western doctrine. we have Aristotle proclaiming that â€Å"All work forces by nature desire to know† ( Aristotle as cited in Goldman 1999. 3 ) . Human history bears witness to man’s chase of cognition and information. This in bend is non simply an result of our captivation with the universe we find ourselves in but due to human wonder endowed by nature and our ain practical concerns. Following Goldman ( 1999. 5 ) in societal epistemology. the orientation is towards truth finding in the production of cognition and its reverses. i. vitamin E.mistake( false belief ) andignorance( absence of truth belief ) . With the postmodern bend in the ulterior portion of the 20Thursdaycentury. truth-based epistemology has come under fire from its postmodern critics. Goldman ( 1999. 9 ) presents the general review of truth-based epistemology: â€Å" ( 1 ) There is non such thing as a transcendent truth for what we call â€Å"true† is merely what we agree with. Furthermore. these alleged truths or facts are simply negotiated beliefs. the merchandises of societal building and fiction. non ‘objective’ or ‘external’ characteristics of the universe. ( 2 ) Knowledge. world. and truth are the merchandises of linguistic communication. and there is no language-independent world that can do our ideas true or false. ( 3 ) If there were any transcendent or nonsubjective truths. they would be unaccessible and unknowable by human existences. hence unavailable for any practical epistemic intents. ( 4 ) There are no privileged epistemological places. and no certain foundations for beliefs. All claims are judged by conventions or linguistic communication games. which have no deeper foundation. ( 5 ) This would connote the absence of impersonal. trans-cultural criterions for settling dissensions. Entreatie s to truth are simply instruments of domination or repression. which should be replaced by patterns with progressive societal value. ( 6 ) Truth can non be attained because all putatively truth-oriented patterns are corrupted and biased by political relations or self-serving interests†( Goldman 1999. 9 ) . Traveling through these general points of contention directed at truth-based epistemology. one would detect that postmodernism. peculiarly its societal constructivist facet. seems to be preoccupied with linguistic communication as the clincher of both cognition and world. We have Jacques Derrida proclaiming that â€Å"The text is all and nil exists outside of it† ( Derrida as cited in Goldman. 1999. 10 ) . If one adhered to this rule of averments of truth as neer independent of linguistic communication. so truth is merely conferred by the universe as constructed by world. Though I do hold that our thoughts are based on our ain resources ( natural and human ) and in this manner we â€Å"create† the universe as we know it. finally human cognition involves â€Å"truth† which I agree with Goldman is non merely a human concept. My ain personal doctrine recognizes the originative. dynamic. societal constructionist constituent of human existences as they engage in assorted activities within the domains of societal life. A relativist construct of truth nevertheless. as what many postmodernists appear to be recommending. does non appeal much to me. Though I recognize the plurality of civilizations bing in the universe. I think there are certain â€Å"truths† people could hold on despite this recognized plurality and assortment in human experiences and socio-historical worlds. On a personal note. my ain moralss tend to reflect those which are of premier importance in my ain value system. This in bend is influenced by the civilization I grew up in. and my ain socialisation and upbringing. In relation to my personal life. my moralss have a distinguishable individualist facet to it as it besides reflects my personal beliefs. ends and inspirations incorporated into the dominant value system of the assorted socio-cultural groups to which I belong. Specifically. though I have high regard for traditional values and beliefs. holding been exposed to higher instruction has ‘freed’ me from blindly accepting tradition. This freedom brought approximately by larning and exposure to other civilizations allows me to be able to critically inquiry and capable to critical analysis those which are normally taken for granted. This critical inquiring and analytical re-evaluation is non the result of a mere desire to demo off higher acquisition or as an terminal in itself. Rather. it is undertaken with a sense of development. of happening better solutions. of bettering the already bing province of personal businesss in head. It is therefore geared towards problem-solving and betterment. Having been exposed to other civilizations – I studied for several old ages in Japan – a really important and utile experience for me. I have learned to appreciate human diverseness and to esteem other people and their civilizations. Peaceful coexistence and cooperation is so possible yet the mode of accomplishing it may differ from one experience to another. Different solutions exist for different peoples but it all boils down to happening the best 1 for you. My initial brush with Nipponese society was one of civilization daze. before I learned to set to the new. immensely different environment. It was genuinely an eye-opening experience for me wherein I learned to measure my ain society through the position of another people. another race. another civilization. But it does non intend that merely because people are molded by different civilizations there is no common â€Å"truth† they could all believe and hold on. Whether I am in Japan or in Mongolia it does non change the fact that the Sun ever rises on the E and sets in the West – though it is deserving observing that â€Å"east† and â€Å"west† are societal concepts facilitated by linguistic communication. Another Gallic mind. a psychoanalyst by the name of Jacques Lacan suggests that â€Å"words convey multiple significances we use to mean something different from the concrete significance. i. e. linguistic communication every bit independent from its signifier† ( Sarup 1993. 9 ) . I tend to hold with Lacan that there is â€Å"no human topic without linguistic communication but the topic can non be reduced to language† ( Sarup 1993. 9 ) . i. e. the ability to talk distinguishes the topic. efficaciously dividing the societal from the natural. external universe. Because of this critical belongings of linguistic communication in a manner that it is our exclusive agencies of pass oning to others. we can non get away linguistic communication in our day-to-day lives. Lacan entreaties to me as his thoughts provide penetrations on how we could possible associate the issues of pick and single duty. For Sarup ( 1993 ) nevertheless. Lacan’s psychoanalytic theory of the ego â€Å"remained within Cartesianism as its psychological science tended to portray the person as a rational. witting histrion who could non understand the footing for his or her action†¦ steadfastly rooted in a doctrine of single liberty and rational choice† ( Sarup 1999. 5-6 ) . Viewed this manner. Lacanian depth psychology is an â€Å"attempt of accommodating existential philosophy and Marxism† ( Sarup 1993. 5 ) through which he presents the position that â€Å"there is no separation between ego ad society. i. e. human existences become societal with the appropriation of linguistic communication as linguistic communication constitutes us as a topic. i. e. society inhabits each individual† ( Sarup 1993. 6 ) . Lacanian depth psychology has significantly act upon my ain personal doctrine because while it stresses the dynamic. originative facet of human existences as topic. it does non disregard the big scale systems of readings which finally influence and restrain the actions of adult male. Like Lacan. I excessively think that societal phenomena has certain significances which could either be culturally distinguishable or cosmopolitan. and the development and application of the societal scientific disciplines ( even doctrine ) to human experience greatly allows adult male to understand those significances. We have the philosopher Bertrand Russell ( cited in Solomon 2003. 3 ) proclaiming the â€Å"joy of Philosophy† in its â€Å"richness and assortment. † In line with the incorporation of Lacanian thoughts in my personal doctrine. I besides refer to Solomon ( 2003 ) that in a similar line to that of the German philosopher Hegel. â€Å"philosophy does non necessitate to be abstract†¦ there is concrete doctrine that lives in the inside informations. in the flesh-and-blood dialectic of ideas† ( Solomon 2003. 4 ) . Another admirable and interesting German philosopher in the postmodern tradition. Friedrich Nietzsche. suggests that there is a funny â€Å"will to truth† ( Nietzsche as cited in Solomon 2003. 11 ) but as Solomon ( 2003 ) points out. doctrine ( like societal scientific discipline ) . demands to besides concern itself with man’s re-occurring jobs. I have to hold with this because in my ain experience. doctrine should non merely be the sphere of academicians and rational elites. Matters such as the â€Å"human status. † â€Å"the good life. † â€Å"justice† and â€Å"being† are for Solomon. â€Å"preexisting philosophical conditions†¦ about which we have no pick but to believe and feel† ( 1993. 11 ) . I do believe that here lies the significance of certain doctrines of life which could hopefully steer people towards self-knowledge and apprehension in this universe of pettinesss. consumerism and pluralities. My ain personal doctrine efforts to accommodate the fresh penetrations of postmodernism. peculiarly its societal constructivist constituent. with doctrine as a heuristic device to assistance adult male in his pursuit for cognition. comprehension of the universe and felicity in life. Though personal doctrines might differ in item. range and construct from one civilization to another. fundamentally it is an effort of adult male towards an apprehension of himself and the universe he lives in. Aided by a position of personal doctrine as a heuristic tool. in wide footings what I aim to accomplish is something which would be of usage non merely to me but to my people every bit good. In the short-run. I plan to complete my surveies before I devote myself full clip to concern development and being an enterpriser in my ain state. As I am one of the comparatively few Mongolians fortunate plenty to hold received a good instruction. I want to give back something to my ain countrymen. to function my state in my ain manner. With my experience in the concern sector. it seems a rational determination to do my grade in the concern universe. Information engineering ( IT ) is a fast expanding field due to the great promotions in scientific discipline and engineering. Mongolia is a hapless state and if we hope to to the full develop our economic system. there is a demand to put in engineering and industries. With my preparation and experience in information engineering. I aim to assist jump-start the IT industry in my state and finally set up a planetary package company based in Mongolia. The pick of embarking into IT is partially due to my ain involvement and engagement in the field. I am presently the Chief Executive Officer of a little Mongolian package company whose market is mostly geared towards the Nipponese market. The long-run end is for our company to travel planetary and spread out into other markets. though it would be headquartered in my place state. in a theoretical account adapted from that of California’s Silicon Valley. Mongolia stands to profit from more concern investings for it to develop its substructure and facilitate industrialisation. Though holding non much mineral resources which could spur its thrust towards industrialisation. my country’s wealth finally lies in its people. Mongolia has a gifted pool of immature people who are eager to analyze and larn. A knowing. skilled work force holds the cardinal towards wining in the IT industry. Taking our cue from the Chinese. labour in Mongolia can be maximized if the authorities would put on its labour force. Such an investing necessitates supplying equal societal services. instruction and accomplishments developing for its population. and easing a healthy concern clime conducive for investings and the puting up of industries. I for one recognize the demand to put in research and development ( R A ; D ) . expensive as it is. in order to better and develop new merchandises and continuously revolutionise the market. to develop industry’s full productive forces. The mode of how to make so is yet another challenge. This is surely non an easy project but merely because it is a hard job does non intend that a solution does non be for it. The key is uninterrupted creative activity. alteration and re-invention until one develops the solution which ‘works. ’ It is non plenty to merely copy what other states have done and use it to your state because your ain civilization. socio-historical fortunes and the concrete experiences of your people are different and distinguishable. One has to develop a distinguishable attack towards analysis and work outing jobs. aided by the experiences of others. into a specific method which ‘works for you. ’ Failure should non be a cause for despair but instead viewed as a challenge. an drift to work harder. to better one’s ego. both at the person and national degrees. until the appropriate solution is arrived at. Because Mongolia is still mostly a traditional society. there is ground to believe that most of the people might be afraid and discerning of alteration. peculiarly of the graduated table and magnitude of those attach toing the displacement from traditionality to modernness and industrialisation. In order to counter such irrational frights. instruction would assist emancipate the people from ignorance and superstitious notion. Education would besides open their eyes to other civilizations and experiences. for new sorts of cognition. introduce them with what an progressively planetary universe has to offer. A positive result of educating the public would hopefully take to greater grasp of our ain distinguishable civilization while developing regard for those of other civilizations and other peoples. It is said that ignorance physiques distrust and intolerance which I think is non healthy in a universe that is already ‘shrinking’ due to globalisation. Different states. different peoples. different civilizations yet in the last analysis all of us are human existences. Mentions: Davidson. D. ( 2001 ) .Inquiries into truth and reading. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Goldman. A. I. ( 1999 ) .Knowledge in a societal universe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kuhn. T. ( 1996 ) .The construction of scientific revolutions( 3rd ed. ) . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Lewis. D. ( 1983 ) .Philosophic documents volume I. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nagel. T. ( 2003 )The last word. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sarup. M. ( 1993 ) .An introductory usher to post-structuralism and postmodernism. Athinais. Tabun: The University of Georgia Press. Solomon. R. C. ( 2002 ) Spiritualty for the skeptic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Who benefits and who loses when a common market for labour is extended to more countries Essay Example For Students

Who benefits and who loses when a common market for labour is extended to more countries? Essay The labour mobility problems that are created when a common market for labour is extended to more countries have been a major concern of the European Union when considering expansion because member states have always feared their economies would suffer due to the cheap labour coming from poorer nations. Considering the fact that the recent expansion added ten members eight of which have significantly lower wages than other countries and large labour forces makes this concern even more pertinent. Since labour mobility is part of the core freedoms in the Union, the Treaty of Rome that was put into effect in 1958 committed member states to allow for the free movement of labour. This implied that nothing would stop labour from moving within member states and there will be no discrimination against workers based on their nationality, provided the nation is within the customs union. Even though the European Union has always had a great extent of labour mobility, the reason why the nations already within the union fear the consequences of the extension of the common market for labour after the enlargement are the rising unemployment rates observed in recent years. This is mainly because in the EU the job market has only grown by 0. 5% from 1980 to 1993 as opposed to the 1% observed in Japan and the 1. 5% observed in the US. This essay will therefore assess the extent to which the fears of the European Union have realistic foundations or not. We will write a custom essay on Who benefits and who loses when a common market for labour is extended to more countries? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In order to determine the effects of creating a common market for labour we first must see how wages are determined within these economies and why they differ. Wages are determined by the marginal productivity of the last labour unit employed because a firm can only afford to hire workers if they generate enough output to cover the costs of employing them. Thus wages are formulated where: However, the marginal productivity of labours differs amongst countries within the union for a number of reasons. For example a German worker that has had the ability to benefit from a good state education system that teaches its students a wide variety of skills will have higher marginal productivity than a worker from Poland that possibly had to drop out of school early to support his family. Also, the capital employed in Germany enables workers to maximise their marginal productivity since machinery employed in Germany is more technologically advanced than machinery used in Poland. Finally the fact that workers in Germany will receive more social benefits due to the institutional environment that pushes for minimum wages and more rights to workers will mean the workers will be more willing to work harder. Thus, from the comparison of Germany and Poland we have seen that since marginal product of labour will be higher in the wealthier nation, wages will be higher and when the market for labour opens the tendency will be for workers to act as rational economic beings and move from the low wage to the high wage economy as illustrated in the following diagrams. The above diagram illustrates the situation for the two economies before the introduction of Poland into the common market for labour. Wg are the higher wages paid to German workers whereas Wp are the lower wages paid to polish workers. In order for our model of the impact to work we have to assume that Polish and German workers have the same skills so what causes the marginal product of labour to be higher in Germany is their use of better capital. .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04 , .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04 .postImageUrl , .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04 , .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04:hover , .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04:visited , .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04:active { border:0!important; } .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04:active , .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04 .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u24f84328f3c458602bb183c5f5e6ae04:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In Roman Times, Abortion And The Destruction Of Unwanted EssayWhen the common market for labour is extended to more countries, there is free movement of labour between Germany and Poland, so some Polish workers will move to take advantage of the higher wages and production in Germany will rise, however, the marginal productivity of its workers will decline leading to reduced wage rates. Contrastingly in Poland since workers will be leaving even though production will decline, marginal productivity will increase leading to higher wages. This is all illustrated in the following diagram. In the above diagram, we see that migration from Poland to Germany will occur from D to C and there will be output gain equal to the yellow triangle because even though Polish output reduces by the amount illustrated by the blue area, that amount is recaptured by the increase in German output which also adds the yellow triangle to total quantity produced thus leading to a net gain in output. Moreover there will be a reduction in wages in Germany from Wg to Wcm and an increase in wages in Poland from Wp to Wcm so wages will eventually converge in both countries to Wcm. From the above model we can make a couple of very useful conclusions even though it is overly simplified. Firstly workers originally in the high wage country, in this case Germany, will lose because wages will decline whereas workers that stay behind in the low wage country, in this example Poland will gain because wages will increase. Producers in Germany will gain from the expansion of the common market because the influx of cheaper workers will mean that they will produce a greater percentage of output at a lower cost per unit within the customs union whereas producers in Poland will lose because the higher wages mean that now they will account for a smaller percentage of output and will have a higher cost per unit produced. Finally the union as a whole benefits due to the increase in output and the overall reduction in labour costs. From the above we could also conclude that immigration in the short term helps ease unemployment as labour moves from countries with high unemployment usually associated with low marginal productivity of labour to countries with lower unemployment illustrated by high marginal productivity of labour. Also the country that labour migrates to, benefits from the skills this labour acquired at home and the country receiving them didnt have to pay for. Similarly the home country could benefit from the skills the labour gained in the foreign country if the labour returns. Indeed we see that with accession as seen in the case of Spain and Portugal, when these member states start to gain investment nationals abroad tend to return thus leading to an increase in the initial boost brought about by new investment because they bring back to the country skill acquired abroad. In the long term benefits depend highly on the amount of dependants each working migrant brings with him as well as the extent of unemployment of domestic workers this influx of cheap labour will result in. Finally the reduction in labour costs could potentially lead to a reduction in cost push inflation which usually arises due to high costs of labour and consequently this inflation reduction will lead to higher growth rates. However, since this model depends greatly on the assumptions we made of full employment, wage flexibility, capital fixity and wage differentials arising from differences in capital as opposed to skill, we have to see if the conclusions we drew above from theory work in practice by examining the extent to which they applied to countries after the 2004 enlargement. Indeed we see that since the 2004 enlargement there has been considerable migration from east to west due to the low wages in the east and the specific skill shortages in the west. The 2004 enlargement has been the largest one the EU has had and included the following nations: Cyprus, Malta, Lithuania, Latvia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia. When examining the effects of EU migration we tend not to include Cyprus and Malta because their labour force is very small and represents a tiny percentage of overall migration. .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44 , .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44 .postImageUrl , .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44 , .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44:hover , .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44:visited , .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44:active { border:0!important; } .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44:active , .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44 .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8b82295211724749dbf3ee0feeb9ab44:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Berlin Blockade and Airlift ? 1948-1949 EssayThe accession of these nations has enabled the EU to call itself the worlds largest single market, however many worry that the fact that the GDP per capita of these nations being 40% of the average GDP per capita of already existing nations will make them an economic burden. This is why many nations have employed short-term limits for employment rights for people from new member states as a means of responding to those who fear expansion. However, we see that Germany, one of the nations that is overflowing with immigrants is currently seeing its unemployment to be at a 4-year low. Another big success story is that of the UK, that was one of the few countries to allow for free labour movement after the expansion. In the years following the EU expansion the UK has seen an all time high influx of Polish workers due to the fact that wages are considerably higher there than in Poland. For example, when a teacher in Poland receives ÂÂ £200 per month, the same person in the UK would receive ÂÂ £600 for distributing flyers. This is why from the 427 thousand workers from the eight EU accession states that successfully applied for work in the UK 62% were Polish and 82% were aged 18-34, because these are the people who will benefit the most from the favourable circumstances in the UK. Moreover the fact that they are considerably young and unskilled enables us to give them jobs that nationals are unwilling to fill which are usually minimum wage jobs in the food industry, catering, agriculture or manufacturing and production. This, as EU committee chairman Lord Grenfell very aptly put it means that in a global economy, where competitiveness is key, immigration from Eastern Europe has helped British companies compete with those in the emerging economies of Asia. Thus from economic theory and the case study of the effects of EU expansion in the UK we see that overall migration is beneficial for both the economy that workers leave from and for the country that receives the migrants. This is because the country they leave from gains investment by family members sending money back home and higher wages due to the increase in the marginal productivity of labour and the country they go to gains competitiveness due to the fact that wages decline and gains in output due to t he fact that it gets to utilise its high marginal productivity.

Free Essays on Intranet

It is generally accepted that information is a vital commodity for the successful operation of today’s organizations. Nowadays modern business organizations are using computerized information systems in order to obtain such information. However as, technology advances rapidly the main issue is how can an organization should effectively use such an information system - which its management sometimes can be unpredictable - in order to effectively help the whole organization structure to improve and take the most out of it. The â€Å"Intranet† can help manager’s access information within an organization and use it to their advantage to achieve the set corporate and strategic goals. Initially the intranet was used fundamentally for sharing information such as policies, procedures and forms. However, the next intranet generation creates a collaborative medium that provides users quick, comprehensive access to everything their jobs require – files, programs, and people, both inside and outside the organization – while capturing and managing each person’s work so that others in turn can find and use it. Just as physical work spaces rely on architectural plans to optimize efficiency, an intranet needs to be carefully designed to help employee’s access information and collaborate effectively. Because the public does not see the intranet, information design for intranets often receives scant attention. Unlike customers, employees are assumed to be insiders, able to easily locate company information. So, while the company Web site usually has the input of the marketing department, design and structure of the intranet is often relegated to the IT department. Nike is a very good example that will demonstrate how the effective use of intranet can benefit a company. The intranet debuted in June 1997 and was accessible to about 200 employees. It was called GPIN (Global Product Information Network) and as its name implies, it is... Free Essays on Intranet Free Essays on Intranet It is generally accepted that information is a vital commodity for the successful operation of today’s organizations. Nowadays modern business organizations are using computerized information systems in order to obtain such information. However as, technology advances rapidly the main issue is how can an organization should effectively use such an information system - which its management sometimes can be unpredictable - in order to effectively help the whole organization structure to improve and take the most out of it. The â€Å"Intranet† can help manager’s access information within an organization and use it to their advantage to achieve the set corporate and strategic goals. Initially the intranet was used fundamentally for sharing information such as policies, procedures and forms. However, the next intranet generation creates a collaborative medium that provides users quick, comprehensive access to everything their jobs require – files, programs, and people, both inside and outside the organization – while capturing and managing each person’s work so that others in turn can find and use it. Just as physical work spaces rely on architectural plans to optimize efficiency, an intranet needs to be carefully designed to help employee’s access information and collaborate effectively. Because the public does not see the intranet, information design for intranets often receives scant attention. Unlike customers, employees are assumed to be insiders, able to easily locate company information. So, while the company Web site usually has the input of the marketing department, design and structure of the intranet is often relegated to the IT department. Nike is a very good example that will demonstrate how the effective use of intranet can benefit a company. The intranet debuted in June 1997 and was accessible to about 200 employees. It was called GPIN (Global Product Information Network) and as its name implies, it is...

The five most annoying ways to use an ellipsis - Emphasis

The five most annoying ways to use an ellipsis The five most annoying ways to use an ellipsis The three little innocent-looking dots of an ellipsis () probably carry more power to annoy and confuse your readers than any other punctuation mark. Apostrophe mistakes look harmless in comparison. Nobody seriously reads ‘orange’s 45p’ and assumes that the orange must own a small amount of loose change. Ellipses, by contrast, can completely change the tone and meaning of what you write. And people who misuse them often don’t realise what they’re doing. Here are five ways not to use an ellipsis. 1. Using them like a written erm Trailing off in the middle of sentences in spoken conversation is common and almost unavoidable. (Unless you’re Oscar Wilde – WB Yeats said Wilde was the first person he’d met who spoke in perfect sentences.) But it’s rarely necessary to do this in writing. In spoken conversation, you can rely on various cues to tell you whether the other person understands what you’re saying, and clarify as needed. But in writing, you need to be clear first time. Many writers use ellipses like written equivalents of ‘erm’ and ‘er’, but this can be confusing and frustrating for the reader. To avoid inadvertently creating a ‘fill in the blanks’ puzzle, force yourself to finish your sentences. This might mean you have to do a bit more work before pressing send – quite possibly work you were trying to avoid. But just console yourself with the knowledge that you’re sending out a little more good sense into the world. Compare these emails: ‘I haven’t had the full invitation to tender back yet whom do I talk to? no idea about the competitors haven’t started the tender not sure about our solution or details.’ ‘I haven’t received the full invitation to tender document yet. And I only know the bare bones of the solution we’re going to propose. At this stage, I don’t even know whom to talk to about getting all the necessary information (about costs, materials, people) together. Do you have any suggestions?’ Concrete writing like this will naturally take longer than simply typing the first things that come to mind. But the extra time you spend focusing on what you’re actually saying, and why, will help clarify your message both for you and your reader, and ultimately increase your chances of getting the kind of response you want. If you need to create a pause (a purposeful one, not an ‘erm’), consider using an en-dash instead of an ellipsis. It feels much more confident, especially when you need to link related parts of a sentence – like this. 2. Trailing off for no reason An ellipsis at the end of a sentence implies that the writer has trailed off. But why has the writer trailed off? Are they suggesting something? Does it represent a nudge or a wink? Those three little dots suggest something is going on, but give the reader no clue about what it might be. This can make otherwise straightforward sentences confusing and (occasionally) somewhat unsettling. Compare these sentences: ‘It’s not a problem for us to meet on Monday.’ ‘It’s not a problem for us to meet on Monday ’ The trailing off in the second example could suggest the writer is having doubts (perhaps it is a problem). Or maybe it expresses confusion about why a meeting is even necessary. Or, if the writer is a chronic ellipsis-abuser, it may mean nothing at all.  The reader must then judge what the meaning might be, or ask for clarification. If you’re unsure about meeting on Monday, say so and explain why. For example: ‘It’s not a problem for us to meet on Monday, but I’m not sure if that will be helpful because John won’t be here and we need his input.’ 3. Three is the magic number Some style guides recommend writing an ellipsis as three full stops: Some prefer three full stops with spaces between them: . . . And some tell you to use a special ellipsis character (PC shortcut: ALT+0133, Mac shortcut: ALT+semicolon): †¦ Whichever you use (we prefer three full stops without spaces, except on Twitter), all style guides agree that ellipses are three dots long. Not four, or two (and five is right out). You may see what appears to be a four-dot ellipsis at the end of some sentences (eg ‘And then John fell asleep .). This is in fact an ellipsis with a full stop at the end. You may also sometimes see three dots, a space and then a further dot (eg ‘And then John fell asleep .). Again, style guides vary on this. 4. Omitting crucial parts of a quotation You’ll often find that you need to condense quotes, and you can use an ellipsis to show that you’ve removed parts of the original. But be careful. To be completely transparent, you need to be sure that you’re not changing the meaning of what somebody has said. Take this remark from US President Coolidge and the often-quoted condensed version: ‘The chief business of the American people is business’ ‘The business of the American people is business’ This changes the meaning of his sentence. The original version says that business is the most important concern, whereas in the second it sounds as if business is the only important thing. 5. Implying you have more to say when you haven’t This is a very particular kind of trailing off, and possibly the most annoying of all. It often implies that what needs to be said is so obvious to the (knowledgeable) writer that it should be obvious to the reader, too. This can backfire badly – at worst, it can appear smug or condescending. For example: ‘That’s a good plan, but there are important considerations ’ This kind of ellipsis is more suited to enigmatic status updates on social media (’OMG some people are so annoying ’), not that we advocate that sort of thing. For business it’s better to spell things out. Ask yourself why you’re tempted to use an ellipsis, get the answer straight in your head, then politely say that instead: ‘That’s a good plan, but I’m worried about how expensive it is. We’re also working on so many other projects that I’m not sure we’ll have the time to spare’. Use with caution Like many of the best things in life, ellipses are fine when used well and in moderation, but troublesome when used recklessly. (OK, OK, we’re sounding like your dad now.) So keep using them, if you wish, but do so consciously. And if you catch yourself dot-dot-dotting to cop out of saying what you actually mean, take a moment’s pause. What is likely to be the most positive approach in the long run? At work, usually, clarity is king. Sure, overused ellipses are annoying but good writing at work is about far more than just airing our personal peeves. Its about communicating effectively and efficiently, in a way which informs, inspires and persuades others. Thats why weve distilled our 18 years experience working with over 40,000 professionals in every sector and industry into a 64-page guide, The Write Stuff. Its ideal if you write emails, reports, bids or any other business document. Download your free copy of The Write Stuff today.

History- access to humanities and social science Essay

History- access to humanities and social science - Essay Example Social class structures were beginning to break down as common men were able to make fortunes in industry and landowners found it more and more difficult to keep the idyllic life they’d constructed alive. Women, too, were beginning to question their allotted place in society as more and more opportunities opened for them in the urban centers of the country, providing them with a means of supporting themselves and freeing themselves from the yoke of male domination. However, at the same time, these positions were not the equal rights positions of modern times, so it was often difficult to determine whether one wanted to sacrifice freedom for comfort or comfort for freedom. Rarely was it possible to attain both. All of these social and economical concerns can be found in the novels written during this time period. â€Å"The Victorian novel, with its emphasis on the realistic portrayal of social life, represented many Victorian issues in the stories of its characters† (Gre enblatt, 2005). By looking at the literature of the age, one can begin to gain a sense of how ideas of gender affected the lives of Victorian men and women whether they were struggling to uphold them or struggling against them. Issues of gender, education and sexuality were tremendous stumbling blocks over which numerous fictional characters and real Victorians had to struggle in order to maintain a respectable standing in society. Within the patriarchal society of the Christian nations, men were expected to operate according to specific rules of behavior, namely that they were to be heterosexual, virile, yet also constrained and sensible of a woman’s good name. It was all right to have intercourse with women to whom one was not married, but that woman must be of a much inferior social status and must not be allowed to cross these boundaries. In novels such as Wuthering

Democracy and an Age of Democratization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Democracy and an Age of Democratization - Essay Example Two of the characteristics include competitive political parties and an independent judiciary. The presence of competitive political parties in the American democracy influences its ability to function effectively throughout the political system of the country. Political parties are so essential because they offer means through which citizens can be mobilized to support the vision of society. Mobilization happens during elections where the competing political parties, sell out their agendas and seek support from the public. During this process, the parties offer citizens with meaningful choices in the leadership of the country, and opportunity for participation in shaping their future nation. Within the political parties, the citizens interact freely to contest for public offices, express their vision for the society, and demonstrate their needs and interests (Gizzi et al 210). In an effective democracy, political parties develop a common vision for a significant group of the population so as to exert pressure on the political system of the country. This help to place the citi zens’ local interests on a national context. In the United State of America, citizens are usually divided on the basis of interests, policies, and leaders. This makes it easier for political parties to provide grounds for compromise as well as uniting the society. The political parties nominate leaders to assume leadership of the country and support them during the election period. They, therefore, form the main linkage between the government and the cultural, religious, ethnic, economic, and many other societal groups. Political parties also support certain legislation in an attempt to improve the welfare of the society and act on citizens’ interest (Gizzi et al 199).  

Spanking is Positive Essay -- Children Obedience Discipline Essays

Spanking is Positive Have you ever been spanked, when you were a child? Do you remember how it felt? Did it have an effect on your attitude as you grew older? Now, when you look back at it, do you think it was a good thing? I have interviewed three random college students that have been spanked when they were a child. Even though spanking may be an example of physical abuse, I believe it is positive and not as serious as hitting with a fist or object. The following gives examples of how students felt during the time being spanked, how their behavior was after being spanked, and how being spanked affected his/her life. At the time of being spanked NAU student Lindsey Richardson said, â€Å"being spanked was an embarrassment for me at the time, mainly because my parents would spank me in public, so I could feel embarrassed to show how embarrassed they felt when I put on a tantrum.† For Lindsey, being spanked was to embarrass her, not to feel pain for what she has done, but to feel how her parents did when they would get embarrassed. As for Megan Marlatt, also a NAU student said, â€Å"at the time of being spanked it was pain, it was for punishment and feeling of regret for doing what I did†. When Megan was being spanked her parents had to show her how it would feel if she misbehaved the next time. While doing these interviews I have also done research to why parents would chose to spank their child. And according to Abraham Andero and Allen Stewart who conducted a survey in the fall and summer of 2001, of 500 parents on why they spank their child, 100% of the parents responded with, â€Å"for disobedience.† Therefore, Andero and Stewart said, â€Å"parents saw corporal punishment as a connective measure and ha... ...ng about people’s stories of when they were spanked, do you think you can remember how you felt when you were spanked and how it affects you now. In the way you represent yourself as a person and represent your family as well. As a result, we students never knew spanking was an example of physical abuse, until we grew older. Back then, spanking was a sign of punishment not abuse. Now, that these students and myself know, we still believe it was a good idea and a good way to discipline us. This worked affectively for the parents and made their child learn to obey their elderly and have respect for others. â€Å"So what would you do? Would you have a child disobey you as young as they are? Or have a child respect you and know what you’re doing is out of discipline and love for the child, in trying to raise that child in knowing what is appropriate and what’s not. Spanking is Positive Essay -- Children Obedience Discipline Essays Spanking is Positive Have you ever been spanked, when you were a child? Do you remember how it felt? Did it have an effect on your attitude as you grew older? Now, when you look back at it, do you think it was a good thing? I have interviewed three random college students that have been spanked when they were a child. Even though spanking may be an example of physical abuse, I believe it is positive and not as serious as hitting with a fist or object. The following gives examples of how students felt during the time being spanked, how their behavior was after being spanked, and how being spanked affected his/her life. At the time of being spanked NAU student Lindsey Richardson said, â€Å"being spanked was an embarrassment for me at the time, mainly because my parents would spank me in public, so I could feel embarrassed to show how embarrassed they felt when I put on a tantrum.† For Lindsey, being spanked was to embarrass her, not to feel pain for what she has done, but to feel how her parents did when they would get embarrassed. As for Megan Marlatt, also a NAU student said, â€Å"at the time of being spanked it was pain, it was for punishment and feeling of regret for doing what I did†. When Megan was being spanked her parents had to show her how it would feel if she misbehaved the next time. While doing these interviews I have also done research to why parents would chose to spank their child. And according to Abraham Andero and Allen Stewart who conducted a survey in the fall and summer of 2001, of 500 parents on why they spank their child, 100% of the parents responded with, â€Å"for disobedience.† Therefore, Andero and Stewart said, â€Å"parents saw corporal punishment as a connective measure and ha... ...ng about people’s stories of when they were spanked, do you think you can remember how you felt when you were spanked and how it affects you now. In the way you represent yourself as a person and represent your family as well. As a result, we students never knew spanking was an example of physical abuse, until we grew older. Back then, spanking was a sign of punishment not abuse. Now, that these students and myself know, we still believe it was a good idea and a good way to discipline us. This worked affectively for the parents and made their child learn to obey their elderly and have respect for others. â€Å"So what would you do? Would you have a child disobey you as young as they are? Or have a child respect you and know what you’re doing is out of discipline and love for the child, in trying to raise that child in knowing what is appropriate and what’s not.

Opinion on the novel The Zahir

The Zahir Life, happiness, love, loss, and obsession characterize the latest novel that I have read – The Zahir written by the Brazilian writer Paulo Coelho. The title itself revealed an interesting feeling and curiosity to the readers. The term â€Å"Zahir† comes from the Islamic tradition which means visible and incapable of going unnoticed. This international bestseller novel is a piece of art full of surprises and mysteries.The tory is about the narrator, a bestselling novelist who lived by enjoying all the pleasures and privileges – money, fame, power, and celebrity brings. For unknown reasons, he was abandoned by his own wife named Esther, a war-correspondent. The simple language used by the writer is so powerful and persuasive that would allow readers to feel the intensity of the scenes. Moreover, the writer used the first- person point of view to provoke effectively emotional situations. Paulo Coelho also ade use of imagery.As an adventurous person, I app reciate most the narrator's pilgrimage. I felt like I was also traveling by reading the narrator's search for his own self and wife from Paris to Kazakhstan. Along the Journey with special significance, the novel showed virtues like generosity to the poor, spirituality, patience, love, respect and knowing oneself to have genuine happiness. Finally in the later part, the narrator was able to meet Esther and whether to stay with him or not lies in her ecisions.I can say that the ending is worth reading and waiting because of the enjoying tension. After reading the whole story, I can deduce that the author is someone who is full of experiences and wisdom; and maybe he's also in search for something very significant. The Zahir represents a human experience†¦ after reading it, readers would learn again how to love and forgive in an unselfish way, and most especially, how to live life to the fullest.

Our Conflict Within in Leo Tolstoy´s The Death of Ivan Ilych

In his acceptance speech for the 1949 Nobel Prize for Literature, the American laureate writer, William Faulkner provided insight to what he felt is the only important subject worth writing about; â€Å"the human heart in conflict with itself.† After reading the entire speech and putting that phrase in context, I believe he was referring to a shift authors were making at that time in writing about external forces, which are not universally relevant. William Faulkner believed it more important to write about the struggles each of us face with the human spirit and the lessons available through reflection. This struggle or conflict within us creates interest by providing an instrument in which the reader can relate to what the character is experiencing. I believe this is what draws the reader into the story and keeps their interest. To help examine this this probability, I have chosen two stories from this course’s reading requirements. The first story I have conside red is by Leo Tolstoy titled â€Å"The Death of Ivan Ilych†. Sixty-three years before Faulkner received his Nobel Prize, Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy wrote the novel titled the â€Å"Death of Ivan Ilych†. In this story, Tolstoy tells us of the life of the protagonist Ivan Ilych Golovin. An unremarkable man in most every way, Ivan is a judge, who values material possessions and social standing above all else. Ivan’s passion lies with his career and the material objects his salary provides. His family is nothing more than an

The Public Health Infrastructure Of Pakistan Essay

The public health infrastructure in Pakistan includes 965 tertiary and secondary hospitals and a total of 13052 first level care facilities (Nishtar et al., 2013). Population to health facility ratios improved from 28 971:1 in 1947 to 12 357:1 currently (Nishtar et al., 2013). Several studies found that unqualified practitioners are responsible for providing up to 50% of the health care in the community especially rural and urban slums. A recent survey showed that only half of the children with ARI approaches a trained health providers for treatment (Iqbal et al., 2010) Due to low budget allocations to the health sector in Pakistan, the public health sector faces many challenges to provide quality health care to a diverse population. The health care cost in both private and public sector is pushing vulnerable population groups further into a poverty trap (Rehman et al, 2014). Parents of under 5 year children are usually compel to seek care at expensive private hospitals due to lack of trust and uncaring attitudes at government hospitals (Rehman et al, 2014). The healthcare seeking behaviours for a child with ARI were evaluated by Iqbal et al. (2010) in Pakistan. This showed a significant delay before the sick child with ARI is brought to the appropriate physician. The average child in the study was sick for 3.7 days before attending the clinic of the doctor. This delay was associated with factors like use of self-medication, home remedies, inability to identify the illnessShow MoreRelatedThe Pakistanti Health Care Delivery1050 Words   |  5 PagesAN OVERVIEW OF THE PAKISTANTI HEALTH CARE DELIVERY Pakistan, like many international countries, contains a plethora of healthcare delivery complications when providing services to its citizens. This is immensely concerning for the international community because Pakistan is the 5th most populous country in the world, and the largest land mass in the Eastern Mediterranean. Littered with an array of different terrains, climates, and features, Pakistan’s land mass is approximate 800,000 square km.Read MorePakistan, Like Many International Countries1244 Words   |  5 Pages Pakistan, like many international countries, contains a plethora of healthcare delivery complications when providing services to its citizens. This is immensely concerning for the international community because Pakistan is the 5th most populous country in the world, and the largest land mass in the Eastern Mediterranean. Littered with an array of different terrains, climates, and features, Pakistan’s land mass is approximate 800,000 square km. Geogra phically, Pakistan divides its providences intoRead MoreHistory of Afghanistan and Pakistan1197 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis Historically Afghanistan and Pakistan have had a good relationship. During the 1980s, Afghan refugees used the Durand Line border to flee the soviet takeover of their country. With funds aid from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Pakistan hosted over 3 million Afghans at various refugee camps. In 1999, the United States gave $70 million in assistance to Afghan refugees in Pakistan. Pakistan also became the major training ground for the Mujahideen rebel fighters who foughtRead MorePolicy and Planning1664 Words   |  7 Pagesinclude. †¢School size. †¢Class size. †¢School choice. †¢School privatization. †¢Tracking. †¢Teacher education and certification. †¢Teacher pay. †¢Teaching method. †¢Curricular content. †¢Graduation requirement. †¢School infrastructure investment And values that schools are expected to uphold and model. Education policy analysis is the scholarly study of education policy. It seeks to answer questions about the purpose of education. The objectives (societal and personal) thatRead MoreEffects of the Poliovirus: Poliomyelitis1504 Words   |  6 Pagesnervous system causing paralysis though infection is over 90% asymptomatic. ïÆ'Ëœ The challenges eradicating polio range from socio-cultural factors to political and economical factors. There are mainly three endemic areas remaining namely: Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan. ïÆ'Ëœ The solution to the challenges would vary from countries and communities with specific issues. But the direct involvement of the population is crucial making the battle more active than passive with less publicity. INTRODUCTION:Read MoreThe Natural Disasters1104 Words   |  4 Pageskineticism and flooding. There is an international tsunami warning system and certain regional tsunami warning systems are also in placed. Pakistan is shielded to a greater extent from the Tsunami of the Pacific Ocean and Bay of Bengal due to the Indian land mass, however, Tsunamis accruing in the Indian Ocean do effect us. In 1935 a Tsunami struck the Pakistan coast killing nearly 4000 people. †¢ Cyclone Cyclone is basically a low atmospheric pressure region surrounded by high atmospheric pressureRead MoreThe Importance Of Strategic Quality Management And Economic Development3205 Words   |  13 Pages QUALITY MANGMENT IN HEALTH DEVISION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Research for Senior Managers Haleema Sadia ATHE ID : 9740 Finance and Technology Institute of London(FATIL) FIN/000273 Postgraduate Diploma in Strategic Management (Level7) [May, 2015] A STUDY OF QUALITY MANGMENT IN HEALTH DEVISION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Incase of Pakistan and India (How Administrations of both States can utilize strategic tools for Economic Development) Abstract: Purpose- theRead MoreDisaster Management in Pakistan2068 Words   |  9 Pagesmanagement in Pakistan By Irshad Ali Sodhar (FSP) Outline 1. Introduction 2. Disaster; definition and types 3. Disaster management 4. Phases of disaster management; a. Mitigation b. Preparedness c. Response d. Recovery 5. History of disasters in Pakistan 6. Disaster in the wake of recent floods 7. Structure of disaster management in Pakistan 8. Role of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) 9. Abysmal state of disaster preparedness and management in Pakistan 10. ImpactsRead MoreThe Fourth Millennium Development Goal 1230 Words   |  5 Pagesto achieving MDG 4. Unfortunately Pakistan is not one of those countries, and its progress has been incredibly slow. †¢ Progress on MDG 4 is measured against six key indicators, but despite some gains, the country is off track for 5 out of the 6 indicators. †¢ 1) The under-five mortality rate which has seen a moderate decline from 117 per thousand live births in 1990 to 89 per thousand live births in 2013. However the target for this indicator is 52, and Pakistan is well off track from achieving.Read MoreMyths and Facts About Mental Health Essay2005 Words   |  9 Pages Mental health myths and facts Our mental health is very important, just like our physical health. For the healthy body healthy mind is very important. Mental health provides us resilience i.e. ability to cope up with the stressors of daily life, it provides inner strength, emotional wellbeing and enables us to adapt with the changes of daily life. Despite of above mentioned importance of mental health, it is notable that mental health is neglected field generally across the world and in third world

Bedstones Gentrification Essay examples - 836 Words

Bedstones Gentrification Firstly I feel it would be a very sensible idea to write down my definition of gentrification, as at the end of the day that is what this coursework is about. Conversion and renovation of redundant farm buildings into dwellings or different crafts by changing the structure (faà §ade) of them to get it up to date, essentially modernisation. This is often done by wealthier people moving in from the outside community and results in a raise of the settlements socio-economic status, i.e. the community goes from a working class one into a middle class one due to people moving in. Also there is a change of a villages function\ purpose to its community. However, has†¦show more content†¦Using my definition this is one sign that Bedstone has undergone gentrification and to a considerable degree. Another clear sign that gentrification has happened in Bedstone is the movement of people into the village from the outside community. This is part of my definition of gentrification and has clearly happened here. Two of my graphs clearly portray this as well as showing the true extent of it. From one graph you can see that the majority of people have moved into the village in the last five years, 50% in fact. This shows the sudden influx of people into the village. Overall 62.5% of people have moved in the last ten years and only 17% of the whole village population have lived there longer than twenty! From another graph you can see that 61% of people in the village have moved from outside the county some as far a field as Scotland and Devon. As mentioned before workers who did their jobs at the school, inn, and diary or on the farms populated Bedstone. Basically this was a working class village with every adult working. Things like retirement and pensions were neither heard of nor apparent at that time. However, as the village population diminished and the services went things changed. The population fell continually from 162 in 1891 to just 75 in 1961. However, soon retirement become part of culture, our country became wealthier and so did

Jungian Analytical Psychology and the Process on Individuation Free Essays

The process on individuation is central to Jungian analytical psychology, as Jung believed that individuation is the driving force behind humans’ â€Å"yearning for completeness within the human experience, and the search for wholeness† (Russell, Ryback, 1996, p. 2) in their life-long conquest to achieve a distinctive but coherent and balanced personality. Besides the genetics and the psychosocial environment, Jung believed that a third force influences the dynamic formation of human individuality and that is the ‘collective memory’ of previous civilizations, memory stored and available to humans, in the ‘collective unconscious’ (Munteanu, 2012; Douglas, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Jungian Analytical Psychology and the Process on Individuation or any similar topic only for you Order Now While hard to prove scientifically, quantum physics does not refute this concept (Science Channel, 2011; Munro, 2011). As a therapist, I believe that I should be the open-minded guide and facilitator of client’s individualized explorations and life experiences, supporting client’s pursuit of holistic self-realization; guiding client’s exploration of his/her archetypes, the attitudinal type and the preferential decision making mode, would facilitate client’s understanding of own psychic energy flow, and would empower the client to address and develop his/her unconscious/conscious balance, advancing the individuation process (Munteanu, 2012; AtheneWins, 2011; Russell, Ryback, 1996). The counselling methods I would use to sustain this process, while client centred, would also need to be very creative and interactive on my part, as the counsellor; I would be making use of a variety of strategies within an environment of customised but constantly challenging and supportive at the same time. I would need to maintain myself on an perpetual self-development and self-reflection ‘carousel’, in order to ensure that I continuously upgrade my skills to the levels required to provide that balance of challenge and support, to all of my clients; within my practice, I would use a variety of methods, such as instructional interventions, questioning, clarifying, hypothesising, silences if/as required (to allow the process of assimilation and internalisation), dream interpretation or sequential drawings, journaling, art and sand therapies (especially for clients who have difficulties verbalising feelings), mandalas, mask making, etc. I could see how my teaching experience will serve me well in Jungian counselling, since I already use many of these methods, to provide personalised learning, to my students. I have always thought of myself as ‘work in progress’, and therefore I learn something new every day from my students; hence, learning from and alongside my clients I see it as a continuation of my own holistic individuation (Dehing, 1992; Russell, Ryback, 1996). How to cite Jungian Analytical Psychology and the Process on Individuation, Essay examples

Johnson Johnson Global Business Environment free essay sample

Johnson Johnson: Successfully Strategizing for the Changing Global Business Environment I. Introduction Johnson Johnson is the worlds largest healthcare company. Founded in the United States in 1886, the company has been profitable for 75 straight years and currently operates 250 subsidiary companies in 57 countries. Its products fall into three segments: pharmaceuticals, with 39% of total sales; medical devices and diagnostics, with 36%; and consumer products, with 25%. Additionally, the company employs 119,200 people worldwide and sells its products in 175 countries. A truly global corporation, Johnson Johnson has securely positioned itself to overcome the challenges its ever-changing business environment poses, as well as take advantage of the opportunities presented. With a focus primarily on Johnson Johnson’s pharmaceutical segment, this paper seeks to explore the complex multinational environment within which the company operates as well as the opportunities and threats that the environment poses. Next, the paper will analyze Johnson Johnsons current positioning, describing its value-chain and competitive positioning. The paper will close by evaluating how Johnson Johnson both can seize these opportunities to realize the goals of the company. II. Analyzing the Environment In industries as competitive as pharmaceutical, medical devices and consumer goods, analyzing the environment is vital for being able to make sound strategic decisions. Since Johnson Johnson strives to anticipate the external factors that affect its international business environment, as well as adapt to those changes, it is important that it understands the environment in which it is operating. The two sets of external forces that face the company are competitive and contextual. A. Competitive Environments – Five Forces Model Michael Porter’s five forces model provides a way of analyzing Johnson Johnson’s competitive environment. Due to a lack of available information about the bargaining power of suppliers as it applies to Johnson Johnson, this paper will address the four other forces: the threat of new entrants, the threat of substitutes, the bargaining power of customers, and the rivalry among industry competitors. 1. The Threat of New Entrants – High Barriers to Entry The threat of new entrants is not of particular concern to Johnson Johnson. Barriers to entry, especially in the industries of pharmaceuticals and medical devices, are extremely high if not unsurpassable. The world’s top pharmaceutical companies have extensive manufacturing capabilities, distribution systems, and economies of scale that have been built up over decades and would be virtually impossible for a new entrant to replicate. These top firms also have patents that protect their current products, as well as established research pipelines that ensure the continual development of new products. Also, they have strong brand names and large marketing budgets with which to defend them. Finally, the exceptionally high capital requirements for founding a pharmaceutical company and the sharp retaliation that new entrants could expect from the established competitors render the threat of new entrants very low. The medical device industry has similarly high barriers to entry. While entering the consumer goods market is easier, relatively, the vast number of competitors makes this industry very competitive, thus a strong brand name is vital for standing out. As the world’s most respected company according to Barron Magazine, new entrants to the consumer goods market do not pose a threat to Johnson Johnson. 2. The Threat of Substitutes – The Rise of Generics The threat of substitutes is much more problematic than that of new entrants, especially in the pharmaceutical segment. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that generic drugs be bioequivalent to their brand name counterparts, making them serious substitutes. Once a patent expires, generic manufacturers are quick to reverse-engineer the formerly proprietary drugs and sell generic versions at a fraction of the cost. Virtually all the top pharmaceutical companies, Johnson Johnson included, face an influx of upcoming patent expirations. The impending loss of sales when generic versions of the drugs inevitably become available is a serious threat to the profitability of many players in the industry. For example, Risperdal, a drug for schizophrenia made by a subsidiary of Johnson Johnson’s called Janssen-Cilag, was a significant source of profits, with sales that totaled $3. 5 billion in 2005 and surged 21% percent in the first quarter of 2006, to $1. 2 billion. However, when the patent for Risperdal expired in December of 2007 and became available in generic form in October of 2008, the company’s revenue from pharmaceutical sales stagnated. In fact, in July of 2007, Johnson Johnson announced plans to eliminate up to 4,800 jobs, citing patent expirations as the main motivation to trim the workforce and thus save money. If the company does not prepare for the difficult transition between enjoying market exclusivity and losing that security as those patents expire, it will face more negative consequences. 3. The Bargaining Power of Buyers – Influence of Generics In the pharmaceutical industry, buyers include patients, medical doctors who prescribe drugs, pharmacists, hospital boards, insurance companies, and other health authorities. The bargaining power of patients goes hand in hand with the threat of substitutes. When drugs are patent-protected, pharmaceutical companies enjoy a monopoly where they can set prices to include high profit margins. Since there are few to no substitutes for their products during this time, customers have little choice but to pay these prices, especially if their lives depend on the drugs. However, once cheaper, generic versions of the drugs become available, buyers gain more power. Patients’ switching costs, an important element in determining the bargaining power of buyers, are fairly low, and price-sensitive buyers will likely switch to generic versions once available. Johnson Johnson’s main tool in combating this problem is its strong brand name. Many customers have more trust in brand name products and are willing to pay extra for this perceived security. The other groups within buyers of pharmaceutical products, while fragmented, have more power than patients. Within the American healthcare system, insurance companies and health maintenance companies (HMOs) have considerable bargaining power, as they decide which drugs to endorse and provide. Since they have an interest in lowering costs, they exert a strong downward pressure on drug prices, partly due to the threat of the availability of generics. European governments’ national healthcare systems have a similarly high level of power, if not higher due to strict price controls. Thus, pharmaceutical companies have a need to establish successful relationships with these groups and market towards them heavily. 4. The Degree of Rivalry – Fierce and Changing Competition Competition in the pharmaceutical industry is intense and growing in intensity. While the numerous competitors remain fairly fragmented, mergers and acquisitions have increased rivalry, as the top firms’ areas of expertise began to overlap. Rivalry is especially intense in saturated markets, such as the pain reliever segment, in which Johnson Johnson competes with its products Tylenol and Motrin. In growing markets, innovation is a key driver of competition since pharmaceutical companies depend on â€Å"blockbuster† drugs for a large proportion of their revenue. With only one out of every 10,000 discovered drugs approved to be sold, stakes are high to find the cash cow drugs that recuperate the increasingly high costs of development. Since â€Å"me too† drugs are not as profitable, innovation drives the race to be first-to-market. While the main competitors in the pharmaceutical industry are concentrated in the United States, Europe, and Japan, an increasing number of players – especially generic drug manufacturers – are appearing in developing countries, such as China and India. These companies are driving the shift in the industry toward becoming more commoditized. Also, numerous biotech upstarts, which are smaller, more agile, and have lower overhead costs than their conglomerate competitors, are growing in power and taking market share. As the dynamics of the industry change, the established companies will find themselves facing stiff competition from all sides. B. Contextual Environment – PEST Analysis A PEST (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological) analysis is a useful tool for understanding the larger environment within which the company operates. Companies can use this tool to identify a multitude of important aspects of their environments that may impact their businesses. . Political Environment – Changing Politics and Policies First, the politics on local, regional, national, or international scales can exert strong forces on businesses. Since Johnson Johnson operates worldwide, it must keep track of the political developments that may affect its business. For example, in the Czech Republic, health care is the sub ject of a major political debate. Changes in the healthcare system may affect to whom Johnson Johnson needs to market, and with whom it needs to negotiate if the company wants its products covered by the Czech healthcare system. Also, Johnson Johnson should be aware that the Czech Republic has a weak Parliament that will change in 2010’s elections. The company needs to anticipate which policies may shift under the new government. Finally, Johnson Johnson should be aware that the Czech Republic will serve as president of the Council of the European Union for the first six months of 2009. This is the best time for the Johnson Johnson branch located in the Czech Republic to lobby for any policy changes regarding the company’s interests and the business environment. 2. Economic Environment – The Crisis and the Euro The economic climate is also important for Johnson Johnson to analyze in order to predict when its business may face challenges, as well as when it can seize an opportunity for growth. Operating in the European Union and larger European community means that Johnson Johnson has felt the effects of the current economic crisis. Aware of the crisis, the company has been able to plan for its impact, and fortunately, the effects on Johnson Johnson have not been severe, as medical products remain necessities even in periods of economic downturn. In respect to the Johnson Johnson branch in the Czech Republic, the economic environment is one that quickly transitioned from a communist, planned economy to the free market. Though the Czech Republic has embraced free market principles since the fall of the Soviet Union, it is important that Johnson Johnson recognize that this change was relatively recent, and certain aspects of working in the Czech Republic may still be affected by this history. Finally, discussions surrounding the use of the euro and the benefits and disadvantages of a common currency are debates that Johnson Johnson should be aware of in this time period. While Slovakia adopted the euro in January 2009, the Czech Republic has kept its own currency. A switch to the euro in the Czech Republic could have a wide range of effects, some positive and some negative, and Johnson Johnson should understand the implications for its business if that change occurs in the Czech Republic. For example, adopting the euro would make transactions with other countries more convenient, and Johnson Johnson should be prepared for a possible increase in transactions or the speed in which transactions take place in order to take advantage of the opportunities this change could provide. It should also be ready for the numerous practical difficulties with tasks such as accounting that may occur with a change in currency. Keeping these economic scenarios in mind is the kind of forward-thinking that is crucial to Johnson Johnsons success. 3. Social Environment – Aging Population and Public Health Problems There are two major social changes on the horizon that will both affect Johnson Johnson as well as provide tremendous opportunities. The first is the aging population. The gigantic baby boomer generation, consisting of those born between 1946 and 1964, has had a huge social and economic impact on the world since its birth. This trend will continue as the generation is beginning to enter old age. The influx of senior citizens will create huge demands throughout all realms of medical care. Johnson Johnson can expect to see increased sales across all three of its segments – pharmaceuticals, medical devices and diagnostics, and consumer goods – in the coming decades, and must plan production accordingly to be able to meet the needs of this huge generation as they enter their most medically-dependent years. Additionally, in order to cater to the aging population, Johnson Johnson is pioneering developments in preventative medicine as well as less invasive surgery techniques. Another major social change affecting Johnson Johnson is the phenomenon of surging rates of various health problems, especially in developed societies but spreading worldwide, from obesity and diabetes to cancer and mental disorders. Though highly problematic for society, companies in medicine-related industries such as Johnson Johnson are finding themselves with an increasing number of people to treat and cure. As a company that invests heavily in research and development, Johnson Johnson has the opportunity to lead the way in finding ways to address these serious public health issues. 4. Technological Environment – Promising New Fields As many pharmaceutical drug markets become saturated and the blockbuster drug strategy becomes obsolete due to the major changes occurring in the industry, innovation and breakthrough medical technologies are essential for finding blue oceans in which to compete. Predictive medicine, which entails predicting diseases based on genetics and preventing them, and personalized medicine, which involves managing a patient’s health based on his or her individual characteristics as opposed to following the more traditional â€Å"standards of care† model, are growing fields into which Johnson Johnson can expand. The company’s strong emphasis on research and development and its leadership in the medical devices and diagnostics segment put it in an excellent position to become a frontrunner in making new discoveries in these promising new technological fields. C. Determining Threats and Opportunities 1. Threats – The Uneducated Consumer and Mergers and Acquisitions One of the biggest threats facing a company like Johnson Johnson is the uneducated consumer. Especially within the consumer products and pharmaceuticals markets, with the increasing availability and lower cost of generic products, a key component of continued competitiveness is the discerning consumer who has preferences when it comes to treatment options. Johnson Johnson must continually work hard to make sure that people are aware of its products and the quality that it ensures through effective branding and promotional practices, as well as consumer education. Patent expirations are also a constant concern for Johnson Johnson as proprietary information is an integral part of sustained revenue streams. Mergers and acquisitions (MAs) present both potential opportunities and threats for Johnson Johnson. The company has pursued MAs that have served to expand the company’s resources and help penetrate new and diverse markets. For example, Johnson Johnson recently acquired Mentor Corporation in order to expand its operations in to the aesthetic and reconstructive medicine market. Also, an important new medical product called the Fibrin Pad was developed with the cooperation of three Johnson Johnson-owned subsidiaries. These are just a couple examples of how Johnson Johnson is able to both grow and innovate through MA. On the other hand, MAs between other companies in the healthcare industry have the potential to upset Johnson Johnson’s value chain and competitive advantages. Johnson Johnson must pay close attention to the actions of rival companies in order to maintain its market-leader positions and barriers to entry against competitors. 2. Opportunities – Research, Synergies, Emerging Markets, and the Aging Population Johnson Johnson’s greatest opportunity is found in its heavy investment in research and development. This is especially important for its medical devices and diagnostics and pharmaceutical divisions. It is necessary for the company to be on the leading technological edge when it comes to medical devices to ensure that it can offer the most accurate and up-to-date machines available. As for the pharmaceutical sector, patent expiration and generic drugs demand constant innovation and addition to Johnson Johnson’s pipeline of products for sustained success. Strong pipelines in its pharmaceutical and medical devices sectors are a major source of confidence in the company’s long-term success. With eight new late-stage compounds in the pharmaceutical sector and the introduction of several new products to new markets in the medical devices sector, Johnson Johnson seems to be advancing its pipeline quite progressively. It also strives to be a consistently innovative company, and around 40% of its current products have been developed within the last 3-4 years. In 2008, Johnson Johnson spent $7. billion on research and development. The reinvestment of 11% of sales in to RD, versus the industry average of 3%, demonstrates a source of competitive advantage for the company. Synergies between product branches are yet another source of opportunities for Johnson Johnson. Through the well-coordinated efforts of its pharmaceutical and consumer products divisions, Johnson Johnson was able to make the formerly prescribed drug Zyrtec available as an over-the-counter drug, which came to be the company’s most successful product launch in 2008. This is yet another example of how the company is able to pool its resources in order to find ways to fulfill both the needs of both its customers and stakeholders. Other opportunities for Johnson Johnson are present in emerging markets such as Brazil, Russia, India and China. Its products are currently available to only 25% of the world’s population. However, through its decentralized management approach and the adjustment of its products and strategies to match local needs and preferences, Johnson Johnson is reaching an ever-increasing consumer base. One method Johnson Johnson has been able to reach a broader consumer base through is the de-featuring of products, such simplified blood-glucose meters, which allows for access to lower-income customers and dampens the parasitic effect of cheap substitutes. One final opportunity exists in the demographic trend towards an ageing population. People are living longer, and because of this, new types of medical needs are arising all the time. Many types of medical treatments and surgeries are being developed and becoming more commonplace, such as hip replacements and plastic surgery. Patients want to be able to fix their ailments and expect a quick and uncomplicated recovery afterwards. It is up to Johnson Johnson to develop and provide the best possible equipment and supplies to do this and fulfill the company promise of customer success. III. Establishing European and Global Opportunities A. Expansion into New Markets – Developing Countries Despite the many challenges of working in both the European and global business environments, it is clear that these environments also allow Johnson Johnson to strengthen and continue to grow its business. With income and living standards on the rise in many European countries such as Turkey and the Czech Republic, where sales have already increased, and across the globe in developing countries like China and India, Johnson Johnson has many opportunities to sell its products in new markets or expand more in markets it has previously penetrated. In order to take advantage of the broadening market field, Johnson Johnson has begun to offer products that will appeal to people in less affluent nations. Its objective is clear: make products that are affordable for most of the world. To do this, Johnson Johnson has created de-featured versions of products that can be sold at a lower price, thus becoming accessible to more patients. B. Domestic Market Defense – Competition and Mistakes While Johnson Johnson expands to serve more customers in new markets, it must also maintain its secure position domestically. Though the consumer segment only accounts for only 25% of its total sales, the company realizes that keeping up its reputation and remaining a household name will help it as it moves into foreign markets. To put it simply, Johnson Johnson must remain synonymous with quality, safe products. Next, Johnson Johnson must be ready to compete with an even greater number of competitors, such as Pfizer, Merck, Novartis and Eli Lilly. Despite being the worlds largest healthcare company, it still faces competition and has run into problems when it has attained the market lead, grown too confident in its product, and then lost the lead. Because Johnson Johnson has twice lost its lead with one particular product, a heart stent, it now seems aware of this problem in its business strategy and therefore will be prepared for similar situations as it continue to penetrate new markets. IV. Analyzing Johnson Johnson’s Current Position A. Value Chain Analysis – Synergies, Cost Reductions, and Relationships A value chain analysis of Johnson Johnson reveals several key sources of value generation. Johnson Johnson consists of 250 companies that operate in 57 countries worldwide. The widespread nature of its operations and decentralized management practices allow for a high degree of local autonomy and adaptation. This makes Johnson Johnson very efficient in discovering and reacting to changing consumer demands across the globe. Also, the convergence of knowledge and information from branches across the globe gives the corporation a great advantage in the development of new products and technologies. Flexibility and detailed, location-specific knowledge coupled with heavy investments in technology, most notably IT, are the main production-based value drivers of the corporation. They allow for timely, adaptive responses to changing needs and the ability to achieve first leader power in emerging markets. Johnson Johnson is making progress in finding ways to reduce costs. Standardization initiatives in its pharmaceutical sector enabled the company to streamline operations and cut costs by $1. 6 billion in 2008. Cost savings are also created by means of acquisitions. For example, Johnson Johnson’s acquisition of Pfizer Consumer Healthcare is expected to generate up to $600 billion in â€Å"cost synergies† by unifying the efforts of the two companies. Johnson Johnson also emphasizes the importance of relationships with both its consumers and employees in its company credo. A talented and dependable workforce is important for innovation and efficiency in operations for any corporation. The company demonstrates its desire for employee welfare with healthcare services and carefully developed online resources. With an employee turnover ratio of less than 5%, Johnson Johnson demonstrates that it is capable of attracting and retaining the right kind of people to help it remain successful. B. Competitive Positioning – Differentiation and Resource Allocation As stated in the annual report, Johnson Johnson is a company focused on broad-based human healthcare. It offers a plethora of products throughout its pharmaceutical, medical devices and diagnostics, and consumer products divisions. These products are made in response to both local and global consumer demands, representing solutions for many different customer segments. These factors are evidence that Johnson Johnson has chosen the competitive strategy of differentiation. Using this strategy affords Johnson Johnson a sense of prestige and quality and this is evident in its pricing practices. However, the company does use competitive pricing strategies and is continually trying to find ways to lower costs without sacrificing quality or reputation. Johnson Johnson is constantly seeking to expand its product portfolio across all divisions and spends large amounts of money in RD to that end. A Johnson Johnson representative said, â€Å"Be the first, be the best. † This is the most effective way for the company to enter new markets and secure a strong position by being the first to offer the right products in the right locations in a time efficient manner. Johnson Johnson’s ability to perform these actions successfully is due to the sprawling nature of its subsidiaries and the amount of resources dedicated towards making sure that they all work with each other and share information. Johnson Johnson holds a very strong competitive position versus other corporations due to the amount of its resources and depth of its operations. It is able to maintain its position as market leader in several product categories, as well as penetrate emerging markets, because of its ability to adapt quickly and intelligently. The company must remain vigilant, however, as complacency can result in loss of market share. V. Assessing Effectiveness and Conclusion In today’s fast-paced business environment, any firm needs to consistently reevaluate its strategic positioning, but in industries as competitive as the ones in which Johnson Johnson competes, continual evaluation is vital for long-term success. By any quantitative measures, Johnson Johnson is a very successful company, and the fact that it has earned a profit for 75 straight years suggests that there is a definite plan for long-term success. The company’s famous credo, known as â€Å"Our Credo† and written by former chairman Robert W. Johnson in 1943, may have a role in this success. The credo outlines Johnson Johnson’s responsibilities to its customers, employees, communities, and finally its stockholders. It also establishes the principles that guide the company, from making high quality products and recognizing employees’ merit to protecting the environment and experimenting with new ideas. Johnson Johnson’s credo has endured, unchanged, for over 65 years. While it does not explicitly state long term goals, the principles within it express the company’s intrinsic values. According to the company’s website, â€Å"Our Credo is more than just a moral compass. We believe it’s a recipe for business success. The fact that the Johnson   Johnson is one of only a handful of companies that have flourished through more than a century of change is proof of that. † Johnson Johnson has indeed flourished. It consistently tops the corporate reputation charts and is a role model for social responsibility. Moreover, the company is clearly prepared for the many challenges its ever-changing international business environment poses. Due to its strategic positioning and eye on the future, Johnson Johnson will likely survive another century. REFERENCES Academic Visit to Johnson Johnson, Prague, Czech Republic. â€Å"2008 Annual Report. † Johnson Johnson Gassman, Oliver, Gerrit Reepmeyer and Maximilian von Zedtwitz. â€Å"Leading Pharmaceutical Innovation. † Springer â€Å"The Global Pharmaceutical Industry. † Duke University â€Å"Mental health drug market tapped out? † CNNMoney. com â€Å"Our Credo Values. † Johnson Johnson. â€Å"Patent Expirations Behind JJ Cuts, CT Looks Closer at Patents. † Cosmetics and Toiletries